建设生态城镇,促进城镇可持续发展

建设生态城镇是我国未来城镇的发展方向,是科学发展观在城镇化进程中的体现,尤其是当前构建和谐社会、全面建设小康社会的客观要求。为此,文章从现代城镇发展引发的生态问题、建设生态城镇的必要性及建设生态城镇的对策措施三方面进行论述。     

广东30年城镇建设成就与城镇走廊演变

在回顾广东城镇建设成就基础上,把城镇走廊作为区域发展空间结构的表现形式,构建城镇走廊指数模型,运用GIS技术方法对不同发展时期的城镇走廊进行识别和比较,以此来探讨改革开放30年来广东区域发展的空间格局的变化轨迹.城镇走廊区域主要分雏形、整合、强化3种不同程度的走廊空间,广东城镇走廊的发展基本上经历了穗深等城市"据点"式发展,珠江东岸穗港"廊道"形成和珠江三角洲"块状"集聚3个阶段.与广东经历的工业化初级、中级和高级阶段大致相对应.未来广东城镇走廊的发展趋势和调控方向应该形成轴线式的跨省跨区域的城镇走廊格局,并以此逐步辐射并带动广东全域.     

马克思主义城镇理论

马克思虽然没有对城镇进行专门的论述 ,但他对城市的相关论述却蕴藏着城镇理论。城镇化的序列是小城镇、中小城市、大城市、特大城市、城市群 ,因此 ,小城镇是城镇化的天然的逻辑起点。马克思对城市的相关阐述 ,不但分析了城镇的产生、发展 ,还阐释了城镇的功能 ,揭示了人口城镇化的规律。这对我国目前城镇化建设中新城镇的建立和原有城镇的发展以及人口的迁移 ,具有重要的理论指导意义。     

浅析城镇养老保险

养老保险是国家和社会根据一定的法律和法规，为解决劳动者在达到国家规定的解除劳动义务的劳动年龄界限，或因年老丧失劳动能力退出劳动岗位后的基本生活而建立的一种社会保险制度。本文分析了我国城镇养老保险在公平性、效率性、保险制度及其运行中存在的主要问题，并在此基础上提出了改进的对策建议。     

京津唐地区的城镇体系结构和各类城镇的发展前景

京津唐地区包括北京市、天津市、唐山市、秦皇岛市和廊坊地区等五个行政区域,总面积5.5万平方公里。该地区以京、津、唐三大域市的工业为主体,构成我国北方最重要的经济核心地区。区内三大城市以及它们与地区之间存在着密切、悠久的自然和社会经济联系;水系相连、水资源分配相关,还有共同的交通运输网系和高压输变电系统等等。这些区域性基础设施将全地区联结成一个整体,其中有许多重大的共同性问题需要在发展过程中统一协调解决。区内现有:1、等级地位相差悬殊的北京、天津、     

城镇集体企业的物权分析

从历史的维度来看，城镇集体企业的生产资料所有制经历了“合作社所有一国家所有一城镇集体企业所有”三个阶段，分配方式中的按股分红方式亦曾遭禁止而后放开，在企业形态上由合作社逐步发展为公司法人。现在，由依据“三分法”所确立的集体企业及其所有权形态在市场经济体制下已仅具政治意义。但是，集体概念本身的不确定性和非科学性，导致城镇集体企业在适用民事法律制度时，必然会产生概念上的混乱，难以与法学概念一一对应，进而阻碍城镇集体企业依据物权法基本原理科学地建立法人财产所有权。唯有明确集体企业法人作为物权法上的主体方能有效化解诸多乱象。     

城镇住宅与绿化

本文主要阐述了城镇住宅与绿化,对净化城镇空气、美化城镇环境起着重要的作用.     

城镇住宅建筑设计探讨

住宅建筑设计是创造住宅内部的综合时空关系,对城镇住宅建筑设计进行探讨,具有极为重要的作用,因此很有必要对其进行探讨.本文首先阐述了住宅建筑设计的组成,其次,分析了住宅建筑面积设计标准;同时还对住宅的间距和朝向设计进行研讨;最后,还对住宅设计的依据和住宅的设计原则进行说明,具有一定的参考价值.     

元代城镇饮食业的经营

元代城镇饮食业的经营陈伟明饮食业，是指经营饮食活动的行业，包括食物原料销售市场及酒楼食肆等。饮食业，随着社会经济文化的发展而兴起，是饮食生活商业化的重要标志与内容。蒙古族人主中原以后，多民族经济文化交流的发展，也在一定程度上，对社会商品经济起了重要的...     

中国城镇养老保险制度改革的收入分配效应

在公共养老保险制度下,可以通过调整养老保险的缴费率或养老金计发办法来影响参保人一生中的养老金纯受益,从而实现代际间和代际内的收入再分配。本文利用中国国家统计局2002年的城市住户调查数据,分别估计城镇参保职工在1997年养老保险制度和2005年最新养老保险制度下的终生养老金纯受益,并以此从代际间和代际内的角度对中国养老保险制度改革的收入分配效应进行定量分析。分析表明:在1997年的改革方案下改革前的养老保险制度中存在的逆向收入转移效果得到改善;但在2005年改革方案下,2002年时40岁以上的群体中存在较明显的逆向收入转移倾向。另一方面,从代际分配来看,1997年改革方案的代际不平衡大于2005年改革方案;在2005年改革方案下各代人的养老金纯受益都有所提高,但这是以养老保险制度的缴费率和养老金计发办法不变,养老财政收支能维持平衡以及参保人在整个工作期间按规定缴费为前提的。     

INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN URBAN CHINA BY SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM—AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON ANNUAL AND LIFETIME INCOME

This study investigates the redistributive effect of social security reform in urban China using the nationally representative urban household surveys of 1995 and 2002. The main findings are as follows. First, public pension is the main income for the elderly in urban China. The majority of people aged 60 and over (72% in 1995 and 82% in 2002) receive a pension. Second, the social security system in urban China has increased the income of low‐income and older age groups and reduced the relative poverty rate. However, the redistributive effect did not offset the expanding income inequality, which resulted in the Gini coefficient of redistributed income in 2002 being higher than that in 1995. Third, during 1995 and 2002, both low‐income and high‐income groups received a positive net benefit from the social security system, but the net benefit increased with income. The Chinese social security system lacks progressivity in contribution, and does not favor the poor in terms of benefits. Fourth, assuming that the reformed policy was applied to public sector employees, the long‐term redistributive effect of the pension system for the working population, calculated using their lifetime income, is larger. (JEL D31, H55, I38)     

Beyond the Toledo agreement: the intergenerational impact of the Spanish Pension Reform

The paper examines the intergenerational impact of the Spanish public pension system after the 1997 Pension Reform Act. Within a Generational Accounting framework, we find that the new legal setting could leave future generations with liabilities as high as 176% of 1996 GDP. Hence, we analyse the impact of alternative reforms. Holding the pay-as-you-go setting, a further improvement to tax-benefit linkage in line with the Toledo Agreement proposals is shown to yield an intergenerationally more balanced outcome, than an increase in the retirement age or an expansion of public subsidies financed through indirect taxes. Finally, a move toward a partially funded pension system which restores the intergenerational balance is simulated.     

养老保险改革对家庭储蓄率的影响:中国的经验证据

本文利用1995年和1999年城镇住户调查数据(CHIPS)分析中国养老保险制度改革对家庭储蓄率的影响,从一个新的角度解释20世纪90年代中后期中国家庭储蓄率上升的原因。1995—1997年间中国对城镇企业职工进行的养老保险制度改革使得企业职工养老金财富发生变化,这种养老金财富的变化具有外生性,因而这项改革可以作为一项政策实验用来识别养老金财富对家庭储蓄率的影响。研究结果表明:中国的储蓄行为可以由生命周期模型解释;养老金财富对于家庭储蓄存在显著的替代效应,这一效应平均为-0.4—-0.3左右;但不同家庭这种替代效应有明显差异,户主年龄在35—49岁的家庭,储蓄率会显著受到养老金财富的影响,其他家庭这一影响并不显著。     

中国城镇居民收入和消费不平等的构成及其关系*

本文运用2002-2009年城镇居民住户调查数据,对城镇居民收入和消费不平等的构成及其联系进行研究。本文发现：城镇居民收入不平等主要是工资性收入导致的;工资性和财产性收入对总收入不平等的边际贡献为正,转移性和经营性收入的边际贡献则为负;养老金和退休金是缓解收入不平等的最主要因素;食品、交通通信支出是城镇居民消费不平等的主要构成部分,前者的边际贡献为负,后者的边际贡献为正;收入不平等是消费不平等的主要原因。     

Public Debt and Generational Balance in Austria

Based on Austria's fiscal stance in 1995, wecompute the generational accounts for currently living as well as future generations.The results reveal the existence of an intergenerational imbalance in favor of currentlyliving generations. Total public sector liabilities may be more than five times as high asthe officially recorded level of public debt. Without any action, future generations would facelife-time net taxes that are about 65 percent higher than the tax burden of a current newborn.If the government could fully and permanently retain the expenditure cutting andrevenue raising effects of the 1996 fiscal consolidation package and the 1997 pension reform,then it might be able to significantly reduce the intergenerational liabilities. However,enacting both the recent tax reform 2000 and the reform of the family support scheme wouldincrease again the fiscal imbalance and intergenerational bias of fiscal policy in Austria.     

中国城镇代际收入流动实证研究*——基于Jorgenson Fraumeni未来终生收入的估算

本文运用中国家庭收入项目调查（CHIP）1988年、1995年、2002年及2007年独生子女样本,使用Jorgenson Fraumeni未来终生收入法,旨在更加精确地估算中国城镇的代际收入流动水平,并分析其时间趋势、群体分布特点。研究发现：第一,基于该方法得到的未来终生年收入均值可最大程度显著减小父代收入测量误差导致的向下偏误。第二,我国城镇代际收入流动水平趋于下降,收入结构趋于固化,1988年、1995年、2002年、2007年代际收入弹性系数范围分别为（大于0262）、(大于0483)、（0466,0544）以及（0483,0554）。第三,中国城镇的代际收入流动水平呈现非线性特征,不同收入水平的家庭之间代际收入流动差别较大。     

Why Sweden's pension reform was able to be successfully implemented

Governments that do not reform pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension systems will eventually face a pension crisis. In a democracy, reforms require majority support. The problem is that pension reform requires today's generation to bear the burden to avoid burdening tomorrow's generation. Sweden recently passed pension legislation that specifies a gradual transition from a public defined-benefit plan to a defined contribution plan. Why was Sweden successful in reforming its pension system? We find that a political economy perspective helps to answer this question: there are more winners who would vote in favour of the reform than non-winners who would vote against it. When comparing the net effect (present value of expected benefits minus present value of remaining contributions) of the new and old systems, contributions of the working generation (age < 53) are reduced by more than their expected benefits.     

CHANGING PENSION POLICY AND THE AGING OF AMERICA

The recently enacted Tax Reform Act of 1986 contains a number of pension policy provisions including faster vesting for private-sector, single-employer pension plans and imposing tax penalties on preretirement pension plan distributions that are not saved until retirement age. Since pensions are a long-term commitment, the impact of pension policy changes may not be fully realized for a number of years. For that reason, the effects of the Tax Reform Act's pension provisions are investigated using both short-run and long-run simulation models. Faster vesting would immediately entitle an additional 1.9 million pension plan participants to pension benefits at retirement. This increase would not, however, be translated directly into significant gains in pension recipiency for workers currently in their 50s. Nevertheless, by the time the baby boom generation retires, faster vesting and lump-sum penalties could provide more retirees with pensions and increase the standard of living of pension recipients.     

THE INCOME REDISTRIBUTION EFFECT OF CHINA'S PERSONAL INCOME TAX: WHAT THE MICRO‐DATA SAY

This article uses continuous micro‐level data to investigate the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax (PIT) in China beginning in 1997. We find that the average tax rate plays a larger role in determining the income redistribution effect of PIT than tax progressivity does. Although tax progressivity decreased as a result of rising personal incomes and a constant PIT policy prior to 2005, the income redistribution effect of the PIT improved as a result of the higher average tax rate. The tax reform beginning in 2006 increased tax progressivity while decreasing the average tax rate, thereby weakening the income redistribution effect of the PIT. Further analysis indicates that the middle‐income group was the only net loser before 2005, but it benefited from the PIT policy reform. A cross‐country comparison shows that China has a lower PIT burden and higher progressivity than developed countries; in fact, China's levels of progressivity and tax burden are similar to those of Latin American countries. (JEL H24, D31, H31)