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1.
认识人性是管理的基本前提。中外管理学家对人性都提出过一系列假设,本文在前人人性假设的基础上提出了"能动人"假设,并将"能动人"假设运用于管理的全过程,以全面提高经营绩效。  相似文献   

2.
知识经济时代人本管理的基础--谈"文化人"假设   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
刘澍 《经济论坛》2003,(9):43-43
进入知识经济时代,“建立以人为中心的管理”已成为组织管理者的共识,而任何管理,都是建立在人性假设基础之上的。对人本质的基本看法,决定了管理的基本指导思想。不同的时代,人类对自身本质的认识不同,人性假设及管理活动的重点也不同。两千多年前,古希腊学者亚里士多德认识到“人是政治的动物”,揭示了人类管理史上的“政治人”时代。两百多年前,英国学者亚当·斯密认识到“人是经济的动物”,于是人类管理便进入“经济人”时代。随着泰勒的科学管理制度的建立,经济管理又经历了“经济人”假设、“社会人”假设、“自我实现人”假设以及“…  相似文献   

3.
赵璐  侯建明 《当代经济》2006,(16):12-13
科学总离不开一些基本的前提假设.经济学的基本假设最能体现经济学的哲学方法论.人性的假设是解释经济现象和经济活动的基本出发点,是经济理论体系赖以建立和展开逻辑分析的基石.自从"经济人"假设提出以来,关于"经济人"争论之波此起彼伏.限于篇幅,在本文中,笔者只讨论亚当·斯密与马克思对于"人性假设"的分析.  相似文献   

4.
管理中人性问题的再思考——兼论人本管理在中国的实施   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
人性假设是管理重要的思想前提,不同的人性假设必然形成不同的管理思想。通过对各种人性假设的科学分析,对历史上的几种主要管理思想重新审视。马克思的人性理论为我们研究管理中的人性假设提供了科学根据。通过对人性剖面的层次分析,我们可以厘清人性的复杂性、变动性和历史性,以有利于"人本管理"的实施。  相似文献   

5.
苏祥荣 《当代经济》2007,(17):161-163
和谐管理理论作为源于中国的第一个原创管理理论已经被越来越多的人所接受,并在实践中取得了丰硕的成果.本文创造性地将这一理论的相关理念引入竞争情报研究领域,深入探讨了将这一理论引入的必要性,并根据竞争情报领域的实际情况,首次提出"可引导人"的人性假设,并就如何利用这一假设对企业的竞争情报工作和谐管理服务进行了研究.  相似文献   

6.
略论企业员工人性需求与企业文化管理   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
文化管理是一种新型的企业管理方式。文化管理具有依托人性的特征,它担负着使企业人性得到丰富和发展,使文化人回归精神家园的重任。本文针对当代企业员工人性需求的变化和特点,提出了合乎人性的文化管理对策。  相似文献   

7.
论"人性化管理"中的"人性"   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
曹元坤 《当代财经》2006,(10):61-68
“人性化管理”是指基于人性的管理方式。人性化管理从理论层面看,其意义和价值不言而喻,但在管理实践中却出现了很多与实施者愿望不一致的结果。问题在于人们对人性化管理中的“人性”有多种不同的见解,由此也导致人性化管理本身也有多种不同的理解。确定人性化管理中的“人性”有假设原则、特定原则和一致原则。人性假设是由动机层面的利己假设、目的层面的满意假设及策划层面的理性假设构成的三维结构。人性化管理就是基于人的利己假设、理性假设、满意假设而实施的管理方式。也即,基于人的利己、理性、满意实施的管理方式才是人性化管理方式,反之,不基于人的利己、理性、满意实施的管理则不是人性化管理方式。  相似文献   

8.
古典经济学最重要的贡献就是在"人性恶"假设的基础上提出了"理性经济人"模型,本文从"理性经济人"的元假设"人性"出发展开批评,分别从个体层面,群体层面的道德、社会、人性和阶层四大维度以及生物层面揭示了"理性经济人"的缺陷,并指出其对个人选择、学科走向以及社会政策和制度制定的巨大意义,以期对我国走出现代化压破下的"外向依附型"道路有所启迪.  相似文献   

9.
作为管理活动中的人性基础,"人性假设"概念的改观已经成为管理理念创新的逻辑前提,回顾历史上各种划时代的人性假设,对于管理结构和模式重新建造具有重要意义。因此在深入理解和把握西方管理理念的前提下,对其中有关"人性假设"方面的历史变迁与发展趋势进行深入的批判性分析,必将有助于人类最终实现效率和道德相互转化的符合人性的管理理想境界,最终实现人的全面发展。  相似文献   

10.
薪酬管理与人性假设   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
薪酬管理理论是随着人性假设理论的发展而不断发展,而人性假设理论经历一个由"经济人"到"社会人"再到"复杂人"最后到"决策人"的发展过程。文章研究分析了西方人性假设与薪酬管理的发展历程,对我国企业薪酬管理具有一定的借鉴价值。  相似文献   

11.
John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.  相似文献   

12.
Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?  相似文献   

13.
This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.  相似文献   

15.
中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长  相似文献   

16.
In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.  相似文献   

17.
Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.  相似文献   

18.
Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”  相似文献   

19.
20.
The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO2 in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO2 equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO2 eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO2 emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO2 saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO2 emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.  相似文献   

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