如何解读马克思关于人的全面发展的理论

马克思关于人的全面发展的理论是关于人类发展历史的唯物主义的解读以及对人类发展路径的科学的预测,而这一解读和预测的落脚点是为了阐释人类社会从前资本主义社会发展到资本主义社会的历史进程,以及再由资本主义社会向社会主义社会发展最终再到共产主义社会的必然性.本文将针对马克思对人的定义以及对人的全面发展的方向这两个角度来解读马克思关于人的全面发展的理论.     

人和自然和谐的生态文明——可持续发展的人性铸造

人性在可持续发展中扮演着重要的角色，要从根本上解决环境问题，真正实现可持续发展，形成人和自然和谐的生态文明，就必须铸造合乎社会和自然发展的人性。本文将从人性的角度，对人类中心主义、自然中心主义和可持续发展进行论述，并从中找出解决环境问题的途径。     

试论马克思关于人的自由全面发展理论

马克思关于人的理论和学说包括十分丰富的内容,除了关于人是马克思主义学说的出发点、人的类特性和本质、人在社会历史发展中的地位和作用等人本思想外,还系统地阐述了人的自由全面发展理论:指出人类社会发展的根本目的和核心,是实现人的自由全面的发展,这也是共产主义的目的;人的自由全面发展的内涵和主要内容;实现人的自由全面发展的前提;实现人的自由全面发展的条件和途径;人的发展的三个阶段与社会进步的三个形态;人的自由全面发展是具体的、历史的过程;人的自由全面发展是马克思主义关于人的解放理论的核心。     

论马克思经济学视野中的人的自由全面发展的思想

马克思关于人的自由全面发展的学说是在其经济学研究中逐步成熟的。在早期经济学研究中,他的关于人的自由全面发展的学说具有浓厚的社会理想性质。随着科学唯物史观的确立,在《资本论》及其手稿中,揭示了社会经济形态的发展和由此而决定的人类自身的发展是一种自然历史过程,阐述了共产主义阶段人的自由全面发展的内容及其赖以实现的必要前提,提出了个人的自由全面发展和人类理想社会形式的现实途径。     

可持续发展理论的先声——马克思论人与自然之间的物质变换

马克思的《资本论》在深刻揭露资本主义制度下人和人关系的同时,也分析了人和自然之间的物质变换关系,从而提出了同当今世界热点问题－－可持续发展理论密切相关的物质变换理论。在《资本论》中,马克思在揭露资本主义制度下物质变换过程中存在着不可持续发展的严重性的同时,从制度和观念两方面提出了实现,可持续发展的途径。特别是马克思提出的具有生态伦理学意义的善待自然的发展观,是马克思的可持续发展思想的最精采的表述。     

“自由”在马克思“人的发展”学说中的地位与价值——兼对刘方健文章的补充与商榷

马克思肯定了康德自由是人类本性的观点,并把"自由"与"人类能力的发展"联系在一起,提出要"自由地实现自由",构想未来社会是"自由人联合体"。在马克思"人的发展"学说中,"自由"是比"全面"更具本质意义的关键性概念,决不能用"人的全面发展"替代"人的自由的全面发展"。     

当代中国的十大观念变革

第1大变革:对社会形态的认识,从单一的重点论转变到全面论与重点论的统一 马克思主义看待社会形态,至少有两个基本角度:一个是社会制度的角度、经济社会形态(即一定经济基础和相应上层建筑的统一)的角度.此即"五种社会形态"(原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会、共产主义社会)理论.另一个是生产力角度、技术社会形态的角度.从这个角度看,人类社会迄今大体经历了渔猎社会、农业社会、工业社会、信息社会四个阶段.此外,马克思还从人的发展的角度,把社会历史划分为人的依赖、物的依赖、自由个性三个阶段即"三形态"说.     

试论马克思的人的全面发展观对中国高校的启示

马克思人的全面发展思想是在批判19世纪中叶西方资本主义社会人的异化状况中建立起来的,它包含人的全面发展的内涵和实现条件。准确理解和把握马克思的人的全面发展思想,对于当前中国高校积极探寻和推进大学生的全面发展和建设具有重要的指导意义和借鉴价值。     

马克思的自由观研究及其当代启示

自由一直是人类生存和发展过程中的价值追求之一,千百年来很多思想家也对自由不断研究而阐发出自己对自由的见解和总结.因此在今天,我们要以马克思的自由观为指导,正确把握中国特色社会主义自由观的理论内涵和当代启示.     

马克思节约思想新探

马克思主义告诉我们,时间的节约相当于生产能力的发展,也就等于必要时间的缩短和自由时间的增长,这是马克思对未来社会中人的全面发展的深层次思考。在马克思经济学中,一个社会的发展可以体现在社会生活的各个方面,但社会发展的巨大动力将来自于时间的节约,社会发展的最终意义将体现于人的发展。因此,在社会发展的进程中最终实现每个人自由而全面的发展和整个社会的和谐统一,是马克思经济学有关节约思想的全新阐释,它对于指导我们落实科学发展观,建设新型和谐社会将具有重要指导意义。     

我国开发区的发展方略

开发区作为我国对外开放的重要组成部分和具体形式,在推进我国社会主义现代化建设中发挥了重要作用。我国加入WTO之后,意味着国内市场纳入世界统一大市场之中。如何重新审视我国开发区的目标定位,并从宏观、中观及微观的不同层面制订或调整与实施     

Quantifying the impact of financial development on economic development

How important is financial development for economic development? A costly state verification model of financial intermediation is presented to address this question. The model is calibrated to match facts about the U.S. economy, such as the intermediation spreads and the firm-size distributions for 1974 and 2004. It is then used to study the international data using cross-country interest-rate spreads and per-capita GDPs. The analysis suggests a country like Uganda could increase its output by 116 percent if it could adopt the world?s best practice in the financial sector. Still, this amounts to only 29 percent of the gap between Uganda?s potential and actual output.     

贸易发展与中国农村人力资源开发

本文从国际贸易模式的变化出发,结合其对我国劳动力收入差距的影响,分析了贸易与城乡收入差距变化之间的关系和由此带来的农村人力资源开发问题,并就解决农村人力资源开发的问题提出了政策建议.     

Economic diversity, development capacity and sustainable development of China

China's economic growth over the past several decades has been among the highest in the world. It has been fueled by cheap fossil fuel energy so energy consumption has risen rapidly, but there are signs that negative feedbacks in the form of waste and inefficiency may affect future development. If energy throughput exceeds the capacity of the environment to process the inevitable waste from production then the development may not be sustainable. We calculate economic diversity using an energy flow network analysis method to explore the relationships of development policy, energy use, efficiency and sustainable development. China and its provinces are presented as a case study and the development status of each province in China is presented. China's development policy does not appear to be sustainable over the period 1985–1998 because of unsustainable energy consumption trends and declining economic diversity. An energy consumption tax is proposed for increasing diversity and dealing with increasing energy consumption in China.     

Rethinking economic development

I provide a summary, reflection and assessment of the current state of economic development in both the policy and academic worlds. In terms of development policy, currently, the primary focus is on policy interventions, namely, foreign aid, aimed at fixing the “deficiencies” of developing countries. Academic research also has a similar focus, except with an emphasis in rigorous evaluation of interventions to estimate causal effects. A standard set of versatile quantitative tools is used, e.g., experimental and quasi‐experimental methods, which can be easily applied in a range of settings to estimate the causal effects of policies, which are typically presumed to be similar across contexts. In this article, I take a step back and ask whether the current practices are the best that we can do. Are foreign aid and policy interventions the best options we have for poverty alleviation? What else can be done? Is our current research strategy, characterized by rigorous but a lack of context‐specific analysis, the best method of analysis? Is there a role for other research methods, for a deeper understanding of the local context and for more collaboration with local scholars?     

Death and development

Analyzing a variety of cross-national and sub-national data, we argue that high adult mortality reduces economic growth by shortening time horizons. Paying careful attention to the age pattern of mortality and to endogeneity issues, we find that a greater risk of death during the prime productive years is associated with higher levels of risky behavior, higher fertility, and lower investment in physical capital, even when controlling for infant mortality. In our regressions, adult mortality explains almost all of Africa’s growth tragedy. This analysis underscores grim forecasts of the long-run economic costs of the ongoing AIDS epidemic. Most of the work for this paper was completed prior to the tragic passing away of our dear friend and colleague John McMillan in March of 2007.     

Trust and development

In this paper we examine linkages between social trust and economic development using, for the first time, a panel of data. We confirm earlier cross-sectional studies finding that trust is a significant factor in development and also show for the first time that trust significantly interacts with both investment in physical and human capital. We provide a robustness analysis of our results via a set of jackknife experiments on our main equations, and the trust coefficients and interactions are very tightly distributed, indicating that the results are not highly sample dependent. We also consider whether trust directly influences investment and find that in a panel framework it does not unless we allow for a trust–education interaction in the investment equation.     

Maximizing human development

The Human Development Index (HDI) is widely used as a measure of well‐being. We examine the allocations implied by the maximization of this index using a standard growth model. Maximization leads to consumption (excluding education and health expenditures) being pushed to minimal levels. It also leads to the overaccumulation of education and/or health capital and possibly physical capital, relative to the standard golden rule. We propose an alternative specification for the HDI, where consumption replaces income as a proxy for decent standard of living. Maximization of this alternative implies a ‘human development golden rule’ which balances consumption, education and health expenditure. We advocate the method of optimization subject to constraints for revealing the policy implications of taking an achievement measure and its underlying philosophy seriously.