报酬方案、棘轮效应和预算责任人业绩关系研究

为了抑制代理人的机会主义行为,委托人在设计激励机制时采用了报酬方案和棘轮效应。对实验数据进行分析发现：在预算目标能完成时,松驰诱导报酬方案下的业绩与真实诱导报酬方案下的业绩无显著差异;除了合约开始和结束这两个期间之外,预算合约中,在松驰诱导报酬方案下,棘轮效应对预算责任人的实际业绩有负面影响;在低估自己的能力时,真实诱导报酬方案下,棘轮效应会对实际业绩有积极作用。     

激励理论与高校教师绩效薪酬机制研究

代理理论认为，由于信息不对称，代理人拥有私人信息，以及工作业绩受多种不可控制因素的影响(即不确定性)。不能证实代理人实际努力水平，因而，代理人可能采取消极怠工或损害委托人利益行为而使个人效益最大化。委托人只有利用包含了代理人私人信息的可观察结果，设计一个激励合约，诱导代理人为委托人努力工作。     

扶弱抑强:组织中的资源配置歧视

文章基于锦标赛模型分析了组织中扶弱抑强的歧视性资源配置现象.模型表明,若互相竞争的代理人能力不对称,则扶弱抑强的歧视性资源配置政策将降低刺激代理人努力的竞赛奖金(即激励成本),因而有利于委托人.模型还表明,强者与弱者的能力差距必须在一定范围内,委托人才能通过竞赛激励合约得到好处;并且委托人倾向在代理人能力相差不大时减少代理人生产风险,而在代理人能力相差悬殊时选择增加代理人生产风险,即通过操纵代理人的"运气"来促进代理人的竞争.文章分析也有助于思考广泛存在的各种扶弱抑强的社会现象.     

试论国有企业的“激励制约机制”和“监督机制”

国有企业的“激励制约机制”和“监督机制”的设计对国有企业的改革至关重要。国有企业的委托人是国家，为了避免发生代理人利用委托人的授权，从事与委托人利益不符的活动，减少道德风险，委托人就需要设计一套对代理人的“激励制约机制”和“监督机制”，使代理人在追求自身利益最大化的同时，实现委托人利益的最大化。如果监督或制约是事后纠正，激励则是事先预防。激励的核心是将经理对个人效用最大化的追求。针对经理对货币收入的追求，资本所有者通过确定一个最优报酬计划来实现对代理人的激励和约束。一、国有企业的激励制约机制“激…     

多层科层中的最优序贯授权与"一刀切"政策

沿袭Tirole(1986)的委托人-中间人-代理人科层结构,本文研究了当委托人不能直接管理代理人时的最优序贯授权问题。在该授权博弈中,委托人通过审慎设计中间人职权范围,影响其对代理人的授权行为,从而激励代理人更有效地提供和使用信息。我们发现,当下属之间利益偏差方向一致时,即中间人较委托人更愿意扩大代理人权限时,采用文献中常关注的"区间授权"(Holmstrom,1977)形式,委托人可以实现其直接向代理人授权时的最优结果。但是,如果下属间利益偏差方向相反,即中间人希望减小代理人权限时,"区间授权"将不再是最优。为了更好地影响控制中间人向代理人的次第授权行为,在最优序贯授权方案中委托人将移除部分中间选项。移除选项数目的多少取决于中间人的利益偏差程度。同授权与激励方面的文献不同,本文表明,即使在信息结构给定的条件下,移除中间项将作为科层中的控制工具,成为最优授权方案的一个特征。本文的发现从激励和授权角度对现行的一些法规执行实践中的"一刀切"政策(比如,"醉驾入刑"、大学招生录取等)提供了一些解释。     

国有控股公司治理中合谋防御的机制设计

本文对委托人、监督者和代理人的主体进行重新界定,并对无合谋防御机制时的情形作了分析,再针对合谋行为设计出监督者主导和委托人主导两种合谋防御机制。在监督者主导的防御机制中,委托人事前给出一组契约,授权监督者向代理人提供子契约,委托人提供的契约可使得监督者和代理人所得到的转移支付都不小于其实施合谋时的信息租金,让监督者和代理人没有激励进行合谋。在委托人主导型的防御机制中,委托人同时与监督者和代理人签订契约,如代理人谎报自己的成本类型,委托人会对代理人实施罚金,而给予监督者奖励,让监督者有动力积极履行职责,且能激励高成本类型的代理人降低生产成本。     

不完全信息条件下委托代理问题搏奕分析

一、引言 委托代理理论是现代经济学中很重要的理论问题,该理论研究特定经济关系的双方之间的动态博弈问题.委托代理关系是指一个人或一些人委托其他人根据委托人利益从事某些活动,并相应的授予代理人某些决策的契约关系.在委托代理框架下研究适合于代理人的激励机制也是现代企业理论特别是公司治理结构研究的前沿问题,也是企业管理实践中人们一直探索的重要内容.委托代理问题的产生是由于委托人和代理人的效用函数经常不一致、代理人和委托人之间存在着对工作的详细信息、代理人的能力的信息不对称,因此使得度量代理人业绩的成本昂贵.所以,除非委托人能有效地约束代理人,否则代理人做出的决策通常不是最优的,这就有可能产生机会主义行为.因此委托人怎样在缺乏全面严格监督的情况下,制定一套激励报酬机制,使代理人在为自己的利益努力的同时,能自愿地为委托人的利益效劳.这也就是本文所要讨论的问题.     

委托代理模型中风险偏好对激励合同的影响分析

从实际出发构造了一类委托代理模型,研究委托人和代理人的风险偏好对激励合同的影响。研究表明：委托人在制定激励合同时应考虑自己及代理人的风险偏好,这样才能达到有效激励的目的。     

多层科层中的最优序贯授权与"一刀切"政策

沿袭Tirole(1986)的委托人一中间人一代理人科层结构,本文研究了当委托人不能直接管理代理人时的最优序贯授权问题。在该授权博弈中,委托人通过审慎设计中间人职权范围,影响其对代理入的授权行为,从而激励代理人更有效地提供和使用信息。我们发现,当下属之间利益偏差方向一致时,即中间人较委托入更愿意扩大代理人权限时,采用文献中常关注的“区间授权”(Holm—strom,1977)形式,委托人可以实现其直接向代理人授权时的最优结果。但是,如果下属间利益偏差方向相反,即中间人希望减小代理人权限时,“区间授权”将不再是最优。为了更好地影响控制中间人向代理人的次第授权行为,在最优序贯授权方案中委托人将移除部分中间选项。移除选项数目的多少取决于中间人的利益偏差程度。同授权与激励方面的文献不同,本文表明,即使在信息结构给定的条件下,移除中间项将作为科层中的控制工具,成为最优授权方案的一个特征。本文的发现从激励和授权角度对现行的一些法规执行实践中的“一刀切”政策(比如,“醉驾入刑”、大学招生录取等)提供了一些解释。     

可转债融资对降低代理成本的独特作用

<正> 一、上市公司代理成本的产生 信息经济学的观点认为,代理成本的产生是由委托人与代理人之间的利益冲突引起的。由于双方的信息不对称性——委托人无法准确观测到代理人的行动——从而导致代理人不以委托人的利益最大化为目标,而片面追求个人利益最大化,产生了“隐藏行动的道德风险问题”,并给委托人带来一定损失(剩余损失)。于是,委托人的问题是设计合理的契约(激励机制),以诱使代理人选择对委托人最为有利的行动,因此而产生了监督成本与激励费用。代理成本主要包括剩余损失、监督成本以及激励费用三部分。     

参与式环境下紧控制、棘轮对预算影响的实验研究

紧控制和棘轮是预算管理控制中常用的两种方法。基于实验经济学研究方法的研究结果表明,在参与式预算过程中,相对于松控制,紧控制明显地提高了预算值,降低了预算松弛;相对于无棘轮,棘轮明显地降低了预算松弛和预算完成率。且紧控制和棘轮的交互作用对预算值、预算松弛和预算完成率存在显著影响,当紧控制和棘轮同时存在时,存在着相互抵消的作用。但是,紧控制、棘轮以及它们的交互作用对业绩没有显著影响。     

Carrot and yardstick regulation: Enhancing market performance with output prizes

The fundamental objective of most regulatory mechanisms is to expand output at a sufficiently low cost to consumers. Many useable mechanisms, such as Loeb and Magat's, require detailed demand information and substantial profit recapture by the regulator in order to achieve this objective. We present an apparently unexplored alternative approach-inducing competition among firms for shares of a monetary reward. Payments to a firm for output expansion thus depend on both its own behavior and the actions of other firms, which can even be firms in unrelated industries. We show that in a wide variety of circumstances, the resultant increase in consumer surplus exceeds the reward. Hence, even with no profit recapture, our approach can lead to Pareto improvements.     

When Galatea cares about her reputation: How having faith in your workers reduces their motivation to shine

We develop a theory of leadership that focuses on the role managers play in motivating employees through their attitudes towards employees. We model a manager's attitude as her perception about employees' abilities of successfully completing challenging tasks. We show that a positive attitude motivates employees who are driven by monetary rewards. A negative attitude may motivate employees who are driven by concerns about their reputation for being able. When employees are driven by monetary rewards and care about their reputations, an increase in the reward for successfully completing challenging tasks may lead employees to shy away from these tasks.     

ENDOGENOUS CONSUMER PARTICIPATION AND THE RECYCLING PROBLEM*

We endogenise the extent of consumer participation in the recycling process, and analyse its effect on the ‘recycling problem’. When recycling requires consumers to undertake costly sorting activities to separate scrap from household waste, they will participate only if the net reward from sorting is positive. Consumers' sorting cost is subject to a network effect arising due to social norms. With heterogeneous consumers differing in terms of their sorting cost, the entire output of the recyclable product may not be subsequently available as scrap to the recycling firms. This increases the virgin producer's monopoly power, and may also lead to multiple equilibria if the network effect of sorting is sufficiently large. The latter result suggests a role for the government in influencing equilibrium selection to improve social welfare. Depending on the fraction of consumers that participate in recycling, increased societal pressure on consumers to recycle may decrease consumer participation and increase the virgin producer's market power.     

The role of private benefits in information acquisition

In many cases, the cost of hiring an agent to acquire information is lower than the cost for the principal to perform that task. However, because of a difference in preferences between the principal and the agent, the principal often cannot fully utilize the agent’s expertise. This paper considers the cost of motivating the agent to acquire information and inducing him to report truthfully. The larger the private benefit, the greater is the cost of eliciting true information. At the same time, a private benefit may reduce the cost of motivating information acquisition. Thus, there are cases in which an agent with a different preference is desirable.     

关于预算管理理论的演进与述评

作为管理控制的重要手段,预算管理经历了成本预算管理、财务计划管理、全面预算管理和战略预算管理四个阶段。理论界围绕预算管理概念、预算的代理行为与激励、预算对组织变革的影响、预算与发展战略的协调以及预算的改进等问题进行了深入研究,并得出了许多有建设性的结论。     

我国会计寻租的原因探析

在我国,一些企业为了自身利益,如为了保住上市公司资格等原因而进行会计寻租。会计寻租会导致会计信息失真,造成租值耗散或效率损失,严重破坏了市场的正常运行环境。为了维护良好的经济运行环境,可以通过改进准则制定的监督机制,寻求管制者与被管制者之间的均衡点,合理配置政府行政主管部门的事务管理权等措施遏制会计寻租现象。     

Decrease in American birth rates makes it imperative for the United States to implement state mandated fertility coverage

In recent years, the prevalence of infertility has increased due to delayed childbearing and an increase in the rate of male infertility. Given the high cost of fertility treatment, this option is not valid for families with a low income, and those who can afford it usually choose to have multiple embryo transfer, which has led to an increase in multiple birth rates and an increase in the cost of perinatal care. Due to the expected increase in infertility and decrease in the national live birth rate, the US should set a plan to fund infertility treatment and lead a policy for single embryo transfer. This will offset the decrease in the national birth rates and decrease expenditure on perinatal and neonatal complications resulting from multiple births.     

Budget impact of pasireotide LAR for the treatment of acromegaly,a rare endocrine disorder

Background:

Acromegaly is a rare disorder characterized by the over-production of growth hormone (GH). Patients often experience a range of chronic comorbidities including hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, diabetes, osteoarthropathy, and obstructive sleep apnea. Untreated or inadequately controlled patients incur substantial healthcare costs, while normalization of GH levels may reduce morbidity and mortality rates to be comparable to the general population.

Objective:

To assess the 3-year budget impact of pasireotide LAR on a US managed care health plan following pasireotide LAR availability.

Methods:

Two separate economic models were developed: one from the perspective of an entire health plan and another from the perspective of a pharmacy budget. The total budget impact model includes costs of drug therapies and other costs for treatment, monitoring, management of adverse events, and comorbidities. The pharmacy cost calculator only considers drug costs.

Results:

The total estimated budget impact associated with the introduction of pasireotide LAR is 0.31 cents ($0.0031) per member per month (PMPM) in the first year, 0.78 cents ($0.0078) in the second year, and 1.42 cents ($0.0142) in the third year following FDA approval. Costs were similar or lower from a pharmacy budget impact perspective. For each patient achieving disease control, cost savings from reduced comorbidities amounted to $10,240 per year.

Limitations:

Published data on comorbidities for acromegaly are limited. In the absence of data on acromegaly-related costs for some comorbidities, comorbidity costs for the general population were used (may be under-estimates).

Conclusions:

The budget impact of pasireotide LAR is expected to be modest, with an expected increase of 1.42 cents PMPM on the total health plan budget in the third year after FDA approval. The efficacy of pasireotide LAR in acromegaly, as demonstrated in head-to-head trials compared with currently available treatment options, is expected to be associated with a reduction of the prevalence of comorbidities.