对我国市场化改革的思考

从１９７８年开始的中国改革选择了“市场化”的改革取向,采取了一条层层推进、先易后难、先“外围”后“攻坚”的渐进改革道路,并取得了巨大的成功,被经济学家誉为“中国的奇迹”。传统的社会主义经济理论认为,市场经济属于资本主义经济范畴,认为在其背后必然隐藏着资本主义的幽灵。中国经济改革富有成效的实践,有力地批驳了这一传统观点,展示了社会主义制度与市场经济体制兼容互补、相得益彰的可能性和一种有待于继续探索、不断改进的制度变革的范示。８０年代至今,世界上绝大多数社会主义国家都处在从中央计划经济体制向市场经济…     

评价:转轨经济中的捷克案例

评价：转轨经济中的捷克案例□中国人民大学国际经济系邸东辉９０年代以来，东欧原中央计划经济国家开始了向市场经济的艰难转轨，经济转轨不仅是个别制度安排的调整，而且是整个制度结构的转型，“私有化”被东欧各国视为转轨的核心，其中认股权证（Ｖｏｕｃｈｅｒ）私有...     

政府在电信业制度创新中的地位和作用

一、中国电信业制度变迁历史沿革中国电信业改革进程与经济转型和制度转轨的“渐进式”改革进程相一致,是在政府主导下逐步实行电信体制改革,逐步实现电信业的市场化,从而避免了在市场和制度环境尚不完善时进行“激进式”私有化改革可能造成的产业危机。中国电信业制度变迁沿着宏观和微观两条主线展开。     

国有资产结构性调整和公司治理范式变迁——评杨瑞龙主编的《国有企业治理结构创新的经济学分析》

中国国有企业改革始终是迄今 2 0多年经济体制改革的重点 ,虽然没有普遍采取东欧国家的国有企业私有化改革方案 ,但是围绕着“产权明晰、政企分开”的目标不断深入 ,在理论与实践上取得了重要成果 ,并使得现阶段国有企业所有权和控制结构成为了下一步中国经济转型和国有企业改革的初始条件。这体现在两方面 ,一是理论界和政策制定者在国有经济布局的战略性调整、国有企业战略性改组、国有资产战略性重组以及通过实现国有企业股权多元化来建立和完善公司法人治理结构等问题上达成了共识。这不仅标志着中国经济转型在市场经济制度的建立上迈出…     

市场经济制度的层次性及改革次序

把市场经济看做是层次性的制度安排和把市场经济等同于一般均衡的价格机制,是马克思主义经济学与西方经济学市场经济理论认识上的根本差异。在此基础上形成了不同的经济转型模式。中国的“双主题阶段转换式”模式获得了成功,但俄罗斯一步到位的“休克疗法”转型模式则彻底失败了。市场经济制度层次性的认识,不但能够解释中国经济转型的顺利发展,而且提供了正确把握改革次序的理论基础。随着转型的不断深化,从市场经济制度层次性的角度能更好地把握中国改革的次序性选择和转型对策。     

安德鲁·施莱弗对转轨经济学的贡献

美国著名经济学家安德鲁·施莱弗在转轨经济学等诸多理论领域做出了重要且有影响的贡献。同时,他还在俄罗斯私有化改革过程中,参与了俄罗斯私有化改革方案的设计,并且在防范私有化改革导致的腐败、如何阻止生产效率低下及如何促进法律制度变迁等系列问题做出了不可替代的贡献。最值得一提的是,他对在经济转轨时期政府作用和规模提出了新的见解,特别是提出了转轨经济学的新的研究范式。他的这一成果对于正在进行经济转轨的国家具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

"深度私有化"与经济绩效 --对转型国家私有化得失的思考

转型国家私有化在宏观经济层面的得失说明私有化并非所有权的变更那么简单，Clifford Zinnes等人认为，经济绩效的提高来自于“深度私有化”，而且由于初始条件的不同，同一政策在不同国家产生的经济绩效也不尽相同，他们试图解释是哪些因素造成过去10年中转型国家的私有化在宏观经济层面的得与失，并为经济转型国家的私有化政策的制度提出题了一种修正的范式。     

中国的经济增长能否持续？——一个生产率视角

中国经济转型的渐进式方法产生了持续的高增长。然而,近年来中国的经济学家们越来越认为这种增长是“粗放式”的,主要是靠增加投入获得的。我们对中国改革时期的经济进行研究,发现改革的措施往往导致对全要素生产率（TFP）的一次性的水平效应。中国现在需要调整其改革方案以促进生产率的持续增长。市场与所有制的改革,以及开放政策,改善了中国企业的经营环境,但加强建设发展完善的市场经济,还需要更为深入的制度改革。     

“过渡性杂种”：中国乡镇企业的发展及制度转型

中国在经济转型过程中产生了不少会被经济学家认为是“奇怪”的“物种”，比如乡镇企业。本文拟建立一个初步的理论框架来解释这种现象。文章用一条乡镇企业的“（约束下的）最优转型路径”，说明“过渡性杂种”如何在其他（未改革的）制度的约束下产生和发展并到达其目标形式，以及整个政策环境与乡镇企业的发展又是如何相互影响的。文章指出，“第三条道路”。或“过渡性杂种”，可能正是完成转型的最佳道路。     

经济学家、经济学与中国改革

本文回顾了中国经济学家伴随中国改革成长的历程 ,历数诸多为中国建立现代市场经济制度 ,进行过艰苦的理论和思想探索的经济学家 ;并通过具体实例说明经济学家通过对于现代经济科学认识的深化 ,在改革的重大关头和事件上所发挥的重要作用。中国改革的深入 ,对于经济科学的要求愈来愈高 ,经济学的新课题层出不穷。因此 ,本文提出亟需加快我国经济科学学科建设的若干建议。     

Priorities and sequencing in privatization: Evidence from Czech firm panel data

While privatization of state-owned enterprises has been one of the most important aspects of the economic transition from a centrally planned to a market system, no transition economy has privatized all its firms simultaneously. This raises the question of whether governments privatize firms strategically. In this paper we examine the determinants of the sequencing of privatization. To obtain testable predictions about the factors that may affect sequencing, we investigate the following competing government objectives: (i) Maximizing efficiency through resource allocation; (ii) maximizing public goodwill from the free transfers of shares to the public; (iii) minimizing political costs; (iv) maximizing efficiency through information gains; and (v) maximizing privatization revenues. Next, we use firm-level data from the Czech Republic to test the competing predictions about the sequencing of privatization. Consistent with the hypotheses of a government priority on revenues and public goodwill, we find strong evidence that more profitable firms were privatized first. The sequencing of privatization is also consistent with maximizing efficiency through information gains. Our results indicate that many empirical studies of the effects of privatization on firm performance suffer from a selection bias.     

Politics and privatization in Central and Eastern Europe

This article examines how government ideology influenced privatization efforts in Central and Eastern Europe after the transition from socialism. We analyse a dataset of privatization indicators covering small‐ and large‐scale industries in 19 transition countries over the period 1990–2007 and introduce a government ideology index. The results suggest that market‐oriented governments promoted the privatization of small‐scale industries more than that of large‐scale ones. In the rapid transition process in the early 1990s, leftist governments stuck to public ownership more strongly than in the following period from the mid‐1990s to 2007. The remarkable differences between leftist and right‐wing governments concerning both the role of government in the economy and the basic elements of political order are in line with developments in OECD countries, and may also hold further implications for transition and democratizing countries outside Central and Eastern Europe.     

The impact of privatization on efficiency and profitability

Over the past three decades, China has undergone tremendous economic and social change as a consequence of the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. This paper examines a key feature of this transition – the privatization of the state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) – through both a theoretical model and empirical analysis. Using newly collected primary data from a variety of sources, we study how privatization of listed SOEs affects employment, wages, profits and other aspects of economic performance at the firm level. Our major finding is that privatization results in substantial downsizing of employment, increased labour productivity and rising profitability.     

Structural change and misallocation: Firm‐level evidence from Poland*

Early transition literature linked a large number of firm failures with the inability to overcome the pre‐transition misallocation of resources, that is, the inadequate capital–labour ratio. We look at the link between misallocation and firm survival using a rich firm‐level dataset of over 1,600 manufacturing plants established in a centrally planned economy after 1945. Our duration models include the standard Olley–Pakes misallocation measures as well as a firm‐level measure of the counterfactual level of capital that takes into account the present‐day market allocation and productivity. We show that while privatization is positively related to firm survival, misallocation (a) was more of a firm‐level than sector‐level phenomenon and, more importantly, (b) it, in general, did not have a sizeable effect on the actual firm survival nor it had an impact on the outcome of privatization.     

Elimination of Social Security in a Dynastic Framework

Much of the existing literature on social security has taken the extreme assumption that individuals have little or no altruism; this paper takes an opposite assumption that there is full two-sided altruism. When households insure members that belong to the same family line, privatizing social security can gain public support. In our benchmark model calibrated to the U.S. economy, privatization without compensation is favoured by 52% of the population. If social security participants are fully compensated for their contributions, and the transition to privatization is financed by a combination of debt and a consumption tax, 58% experience a welfare gain. These gains and the resulting public support for social security reform depend critically on a flexible labour market. If the labour supply elasticity is low, then support for privatization disappears.     

经济转轨、跨国公司进入与国有企业改革

任何转轨国家向市场经济过渡都要面临改革与开放的问题.因此,本文在经济开放的背景下,着重突出跨国公司与转轨国家之间经济的紧密联系,建立跨国公司、转轨国家政府、国内企业三者之间的混合寡占博弈模型,并以市场开放、自由化、私有化等政策变量作为影响转轨进程的外生变量,分析开放程度和经济调控手段以及跨国企业的投资策略等对转轨国家国有企业民营化进程和转轨国家国有企业竞争力的影响.研究表明,转轨国家在经济开放的条件下,对国有企业完全民营化并非是改革的最优方案,而对国有企业的部分民营化效果反而会更好,也符合社会福利最大化的原则.而税率、技术、转移价格等也是影响转轨国家社会福利和转轨国家企业产量和竞争能力的重要因素.     

双重制度变迁中的中国民营企业家形态更替分析--从企业家形态历史演进的角度看民营企业管理职业经理化

自从 1978年改革开放以来 ,民营企业几经曲折 ,不断发展壮大。今天 ,民营企业管理的职业经理化问题凸显了出来。然而 ,尽管有关各方对此作了很多有益的探讨 ,但多数讨论都忽视了对企业家形态历史演进和相应的制度变迁的考察。根据异质型人力资本理论关于企业家形态更替的模型 ,从企业家主导形态历史演进的视角分析民营企业管理职业经理化的问题 ,得出私有化变迁和市场化变迁不足从而代理化变迁无法实现是阻碍民营企业管理职业经理化的根本原因的结论。     

Privatization and Price Liberalization: Comparative Analysis

Two transition paths from a mixed to market economy are investigated: a gradual increase in state retail prices and a gradual decrease of the state sector's share of the economy. The analysis is carried out in the framework of a general equilibrium model of a mixed economy with production. It is shown that, for a representative agent, privatization is better than price liberalization during the entire transition period regardless of individual preferences. For an economy with heterogeneous agents the conclusion remains valid for rich agents, but it is indeterminate for poor agents.J. Comp. Econom.,June 1997,24(3), pp. 313–334. Central Institute of Economics and Mathematics, Moscow 117418, Russia.     

Policy reform and growth in post-Soviet Russia

In pursuit of its transition from a command to a market economy, Russia has witnessed enormous regional differences in economic growth rates. Moreover, the implementation of economic reforms has also differed markedly across regions. We analyze whether regional differences in reform policies can account for regional differences in growth rates, and conclude that to a considerable degree, they can. Most notably, we find that regional differences in price liberalization policies exhibit a positive direct correspondence with growth. We also find that regional differences in large-scale privatization exhibit a positive correspondence with the regional formation of new legal enterprises, which in turn exhibits a strong positive correspondence with growth.