今之国企非昔日国企

改革开放以来,我国的国企改革取得巨大成就。但今天的央企已发生异化,已非昔日的国企,成为特殊利益集团。一些人在维护国企,实际上维护的是特殊利益集团的利益,而不是国家利益,应当认清这一现实。垄断行业是改革的对象,而不是“做大做强”的主体。目前,要对垄断行业进行改革,需要的是中央的共识、坚定的决心和强有力的措施。     

Does the mixed-ownership reform improve the productivity of state-owned enterprises? Evidence from companies listed in Chinese stock

The Chinese government initiated a new round of state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform in 2015 to improve SOE's performance with a focus on introducing multiple ownership shareholders and strategic partners, known as the mixed-ownership reform (MOR). This paper examines the policy effectiveness of the current MOR, an ongoing quasi-experiment, for listed SOEs’ productivity from 2011 to 2019 using a time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) approach. Overall, the total factor productivity (TFP) of SOEs selected as pilots by the government improved significantly by 14.57% after the reform compared to other SOEs, providing evidence for the positive role of the current MOR. This positive impact is prolonged and tends to increase in the post-reform years. A series of robustness checks show that our empirical specification satisfies the basic assumptions of DID and our findings are robust. By comparing the two reform strategies in the MOR, we find that the restructuring and reorganization plan is the primary channel driving TFP growth, showing a 0.4% improvement after the reform, rather than the employee stock ownership plan. We also investigate the impact of MOR on other financial and non-financial indicators, but we only find a significant increase in the profitability of SOEs’ assets.     

国有企业改革30年

经过30年的改革和制度创新,国有企业不但走出了困境,而且成为具有较高劳动生产率、较强盈利能力和竞争力的市场主体。理论研究与实践证明,很难有最优的所有制结构和股权结构。我们要毫不动摇地"坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度,毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济",坚持在公有制为主体的框架内通过制度建设来完善国有企业公司治理结构。国有企业公司治理结构的完善是一项长期而艰巨的任务。     

A Policy Perspective on Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Chinese State-Owned Enterprises

A growing number of developed country governments in recent years have adopted a hostile attitude towards foreign direct investments undertaken in their markets by state-owned enterprises (SOEs), the latter often based in China. The broad reason for this hostility is the belief that state-owned enterprises pursue non-commercial objectives with resulting damage to host economies. This paper argues that the empirical evidence shows SOEs are increasingly exhibiting market-owned behavior. Furthermore, any adverse consequences of non-commercial behavior are likely to be realized primarily by the SOEs themselves.     

卖空压力对国有企业创新产出的影响

基于公司外部治理机制的视角,检验了资本市场的卖空压力对国有企业创新产出的影响。以历次融资融券扩容为政策冲击,采用多时点双重差分模型,验证了卖空与国有企业创新产出的关系。结果显示:加入融资融券标的后,国有上市公司的专利申请量相比民营上市公司有显著增长;卖空对国有企业创新产出的激励作用在市场化程度较低的地区以及地方国有企业上更为显著。     

Industry and Labour: Class Struggle at Work and Monopoly Capitalism; Social Standing in America: New Dimensions of Class; Class Structure and Social Mobility in Poland

A very well-established economic literature maintains that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are inefficient as compared to privately owned ones (POEs). In this paper, I argue that SOEs' inefficiency is not due to state ownership per se, but is rather caused conditions other than ownership, to which SOEs often — though not necessarily always — relate. In particular, I focus on dynamic efficiency — specifically, the production of technological innovation — of SOEs in manufacturing industries, where SOEs should contend with POEs in a competitive environment. I suggest that targeted measures, which are aimed at increasing managers' commitment to long-term investment strategies and at reducing corruption and political interference — albeit complex and difficult to implement — can be much more (positively) impactful on long-run technical progress than the simple privatization of companies. This leaves room for exploration and implementation of policies that might reconcile state ownership and market competition in industrial sectors.     

中国国有企业发展前景——创新政治经济学视角

透过创新政治经济学的视角,我们可以发现,国有企业的体制有可能具有促进动态规模效益的相对效率特性。国有企业始终是中国追求以创新体制为基础的发展道路所能凭借的基本力量,而是否走上这条道路却又是国有企业走向消亡抑或新生的关键。     

人力资本产权安排与国有企业制度改革

人力资本产权在企业所有权安排中具有一种特殊决定性的地位和作用,国有企业人力资本产权制度安排的根本问题在于无视人力资本产权自主或决定属性,不承认人力资本个人产权及其向非人力资枰权转化的合法通道,以及由此在市场化过程中所引发的人力资本运营危机,国有企业改革要进行下去并最终取得成功,那就绕不开下面认可和弘扬企业职工个人的人力资本产权权能权益这个“结”。国有企业改革的未来走向,首要的是突破国有企业的“主体”观念,加大国有企业的“退出”力度和范围;然后才是对被界定了“特殊性质和职能”的少数国有企业采取特殊“监管”,实行以人为本的人力资本运营模式,真正使少数国有企业发牢固“主导”国民经济运行的“特殊”作用。     

国有企业对资本和劳动价格扭曲的非对称影响

要素市场化的滞后是我国改革进程中的一个突出问题,要素价格的负向扭曲则是其重要表现.文章从国有企业的视角研究了要素价格扭曲的原因.一方面,金融抑制和所有制歧视使得国有企业以低于市场利率的价格获得了大量资本,加剧了资本价格的负向扭曲;另一方面,由于国有企业提供的社会保障、收入调节功能以及工会的作用会导致国有企业的劳动力价格高于非国有企业,反而有可能改善劳动力价格的负向扭曲.本文测算了171个三位数行业的资本价格扭曲和劳动力价格扭曲指数,通过实证研究发现,国有企业比重越高的行业资本价格扭曲越严重,但是劳动力价格扭曲越小.本研究具有重要的政策含义:虽然国有企业在提高劳动者收入上的作用值得肯定,但降低竞争性行业的国有企业比重、加快金融市场化改革、促进劳动力自由流动、减少政府对国有企业的补贴和保护,将有利于促进资源优化配置,提高社会的总福利水平.     

The economic performance of state-owned enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe

This article explores the economic performance of state ownership in the largest non-financial enterprises operating in 13 post-socialist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries over the period 2007–2013. The largest state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are selected based on the ‘Coface – 500 Top Companies in CEE’ list in 2013. Of these 500 enterprises, 69 were identified as state-owned. All originated in the socialist period. The majority of them are from Poland and Ukraine. SOEs hold a dominant position in energy supply, the oil and gas sector, and transport. We find that the persistence of state ownership in post-socialist countries is caused by incomplete privatisation and the presence of SOEs within strategic sectors. The economic performance of the largest state-owned companies is, on average, comparable to their private counterparts.     

问责制度、产机变迁与国企改革:基于代理成本的分析

本文回顾了国内有关国企改革的争论,提出产权并不是制约国企发展的关键变量,同时实施竞争性环境、减轻政策性负担、硬化预算约束这些政策也无法真正提升国企绩效.笔者认为代理成本问题是阻碍国企发展的核心环节,并建立理论模型证明激励和监督机制,所以在代理成本这个环节实现了逻辑的统一,而非国内学者所争论的那样对立.最后基于全文的分析,笔者提出在不同特性的产业,产机变迁和问责制度具有各自的优势,是国企改革的两条不同路径.     

同乡关系在晋升中会起作用吗?--基于省属国有企业负责人的实证检验

在中国公司治理由行政型向经济型转型的背景下,国企“高管任免行政化”特征难以忽视。文章手工整理了2004－2014年省属国企负责人(董事长和总经理)的籍贯信息及离任去向与升降数据,利用籍贯信息判断其与省委书记、组织部长的同乡关系,首次探究了同乡关系对省属国企负责人晋升概率的影响。研究发现,(与省委书记、组织部长的)同乡关系对省属国企负责人的晋升概率具有正向影响,这种正向影响在有政治关联的省属国企负责人样本中更加明显。文章进一步以地方党委领导体制的“一正两副”模式推行作为外生事件,检验了在“减副”前后,与组织部长的同乡关系对省属国企负责人晋升概率的正向影响是否存在差异。结果显示,与组织部长存在同乡关系的省属国企负责人在“减副”后具有更高的晋升概率,这进一步验证了文章假设的合理性。     

Liquidity Shock,Credit Constraint and the Development of Private vs. State-Owned Enterprises

Based on firm level data for the period of 1998–2007, this paper attempts to explain the growth differences between private enterprises and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China, in the context of liquidity shocks, and institutional and financial environments. It is found that (1) when liquidity tightens, the private enterprises face stricter credit constraints than SOEs, which restricts the development of private enterprise; (2) when liquidity becomes abundant, private enterprises face fewer financial limitations and grow much faster than SOEs; (3) the effect of liquidity shocks on the growth rate gap between private enterprises and SOEs has weakened during the period 2002–2007. These findings reveal that the credit discrimination against private enterprises can be mitigated by improving institutional and financial environments, which weaken the effects of liquidity shocks on firm growth.     

Outward foreign direct investment by Polish state-owned multinational enterprises: is ‘stateness’ an asset or a burden?

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are commonly associated with undue advantages due to preferential treatment by the state. Simultaneously they are often quoted as handicapped given the notorious state interference, management problems and agency tensions. They used to be regarded as a mainly domestic issue but in the context of globalisation and the fact that states enter treaties with new obligations, SOEs’ performance ceased to be solely a domestic problem, increasingly so as state-owned multinational enterprises (SOMNEs) emerge. This article presents the results of research on Polish SOEs’ outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). It offers an overview of overseas activities of nine major Polish firms with a state stake and aims to contribute to the conceptual literature on foreign investments conducted by SOMNEs. We distinguish between FDI by SOMNEs as specific – privileged (facilitated) or discriminated (hampered) – investments subject to the home country’s state power and the host country’s state perception.     

国有企业绩效提高主要来源于垄断吗

近年来,我国国有企业绩效明显改善,利润快速增长。面对这种情况,一些人认为国有企业的绩效提高主要来源于垄断。在本文中,笔者通过梳理垄断的判断标准,计算和讨论国有经济分布的主要行业的市场结构状况,认为这一说法在概念上具有误导性,在判断上缺乏依据,因此其结论不可采信,需要我们予以明辨和警惕。     

产权制度改革中防范国有资产流失的对策

国有资产是我国社会主义制度巩固和发展的物质基础.国有资产管理运营体制的改革是实施国有经济战略性改组,建立现代企业制度,提高国有资产运营效益,发展社会主义市场经济的重要保障.国有资产从一般竞争性领域退出,使国有企业的改革进入新的阶段.但是,日渐突出的国有资产流失问题,却在制约着国有资产退出的进程,对国有企业的改革形成了障碍.     

大型国有企业面临中国入世的空间行为

本文首先分析了中国入世后对国有企业运营环境的影响，接着根据对农机、电气、食品、家用电器、纺织等行业在全国有重要影响的6家大型国有企业调查数据，分析了这些企业在市场发展、技术开发、原材料采购和与区域关系4方面的空间行为。     

国有企业竞争力比较研究

提高国有企业的竞争力是国企改革的根本目的。文章通过对国有企业的国际竞争力和国内竞争力不同层面的比较,找出提高国有企业竞争力的关键所在。研究表明,国有企业竞争力虽然在逐年提高,但还有更大的上升空间,提高国企竞争力的关键是建设良好的外部运行环境和提高内部运营效率。     

国有资本经营预算编制中的博弈关系初探

由于在现代企业产权制度下国有资本所有权与经营权的分离,国资委代表国家作为出资人,在编制国有资本经营预算时,与有独立经营权的企业在预算指标的确定上,因目标不同存在一定的博弈关系,这种博弈关系与其它博弈不同,它是所有权与经营权之间的博弈,是成本与效益的博弈。     

国有经济改革的文献综述

国有经济是一种国家现象,是国民经济中的特殊成分。随着中国改革开放的不断深入,国有经济受到越来越多的关注。从国有经济功能、国有企业效率、国有企业治理、国有企业绩效评价、国企改革与地方政府关系五个方面对国有经济改革相关研究进行回顾,为中国国有经济改革提供理论借鉴。