上市公司财务困境与财务破产的比较分析

与任何其他组织一样 ,企业也有一个生死病老的过程 ,如何对普通病症和高危病症予以区分 ,采取不同的预防、诊断和治疗措施 ,无疑将有利于企业的健康发展。本文认为 ,财务困境和财务破产可以作为上市公司两种不同的财务状况 ,应采取不同的预防、诊断和治疗措施。现有文献将财务困境与财务破产不加区别 ,不利于公司财务状况的正确判别和分析 ,进而影响公司财务政策的正确制定。本文在重新界定财务困境和财务破产的概念及其差异的基础上 ,以我国上市公司三年的财务数据为样本 ,对公司财务困境和财务破产进行实证分析。研究结果表明 ,我国上市公司确存在财务困境和财务破产两种不同的财务状况。盈利能力、资产负债率、公司规模同时对陷入财务困境和财务破产的公司有显著影响 ,它们是导致公司陷入财务困境和财务破产状况的重要原因。与国外类似研究不同的是现金流量信息对于我国上市公司的财务困境和财务破产皆没有解释力。     

上市公司兼并收购可预测性

:公司并购预测与财务危机、盈利能力和股票价格的预测一样 ,一直是金融经济学理论与实务界关注和争论的问题。能否预测上市公司并购的发生 ,意味着能否依据公开信息战胜市场从而获取超额收益。本文采用Logit条件概率模型对我国A股市场1 998年至 1 999年间发生的上市公司兼并收购进行了实证分析和检验。所得到的估计模型对并购的发生有较强的解释能力 ,但无法取得满意的预测结果。本文的结论支持股票市场半强式有效假说。     

Early warning models against bankruptcy risk for Central European and Latin American enterprises

This article is devoted to the issue of forecasting the bankruptcy risk of enterprises in Latin America and Central Europe. The author has used statistical and soft computing methods to program the prediction models. It compares the effectiveness of twelve different early warning models for forecasting the bankruptcy risk of companies. In the research conducted, the author used data on 185 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and 60 companies listed on Stock Exchange markets in Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Brazil and Chile. This population of firms was divided into learning and testing setdata. Each company was analyzed using the absolute values of 14 financial ratios and the dynamics of change of these ratios.The author's developed models are characterized by high efficiency. These studies are one of the world's first attempts at comparing differences in forecasting this phenomenon between the regions of Latin America and Central Europe. Additionally, a comparison of the effectiveness of discriminant analysis, decisional trees, and artificial neural networks models was made.     

Bankruptcy costs, liability dollarization, and vulnerability to sudden stops

Countries with intermediate levels of institutional quality suffer larger output contractions following sudden stops of capital inflows than less developed nations. However, countries with strong institutions seldom experience significant falls in output after capital flow reversals. We reconcile these two observations using a calibrated DSGE model that extends the financial accelerator framework developed in Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist (1999). The model captures financial market institutional quality with creditors' ability to recover assets from bankrupt firms. Bankruptcy costs affect vulnerability to sudden stops directly but also indirectly by affecting the degree of liability dollarization. Simulations reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between bankruptcy costs and the output loss following sudden stops.     

Returns of Small Growth Stocks: An Empirical Analysis

I investigate the mean reversion tendency of small growth stocks. Using a carefully articulated research design employing established and empirically tested principles, my findings should support or refute the anecdotal evidence that small growth stocks make superior investments. The primary motivation for the study springs from the documented differential preference among investors for value and growth stocks. Despite evidence that value stocks tend to outperform growth stocks, investors retain strong interest in growth stocks. Yet in examining the performance of Business Week’s (BW), smaller capitalization companies (called “Hot Growth Companies”) with respect to the overall financial market, Bauman et al. [2002] found positive excess returns in the pre-publication period but negative excess returns in the post-publication period. A limitation of their study is that their analyses relied on only three criteria: sales, BW rank and return on capital, which do not represent completely a firm’s financial health. I replicate Bauman et al.’s study but use a more robust and representative variable set to test the mean reversal hypothesis — Forbes’ financial criteria — and I focus on six variables. In the current study, I look at 4,200 companies listed in Forbes from 1980 to 2000. The results of the expanded study substantiate Bauman et al.’s [2002] study showing that there are positive excess returns in the pre-publication period, but negative excess returns in the post-publication period. An expanded future study will look at five additional variables to see if they make a significant difference on the effects of the returns of small growth stocks.     

我国困境企业财务恶化趋势的实证分析

在我国现行的破产与重组制度下,一方面,破产软约束使得没有继续经营能力的财务困境企业不能及时破产清算,另一方面,对于有继续经营能力的财务困境企业又没有在相关制度上创造重组再生的良好条件.在这种制度背景下,困境企业将在财务困境成本的推动下,其业绩和财务状况都将持续恶化,该"破"的和该"立"的都难以摆脱困境.本文从困境企业重组后是否恢复盈利能力和支付能力两个角度进行实证研究,结果发现除被借"壳"的企业外,未实施重组和实施了其他重组的困境企业,业绩普遍下降.而从支付能力来看,困境企业的资产负债水平呈现逐年上升的态势,均值都已达到资不抵债的境地,且75%以上的困境企业都没有摆脱困境.     

次贷危机影响下中国金融控股公司的发展

金融控股公司的内部治理有着与一般公司内部治理不一样的特殊要求,次贷危机中以雷曼兄弟控股公司为代表的金融控股公司的倒闭,从根本上来说,正是缺乏针对金融控股公司的特有特征而设定公司内部治理而引起的.为促进中国金融控股公司的发展,完善内部治理,迫切需要把风险管理和控制能力放在经营管理的重要地位,建立全方位的风险管理和控制机制,引入多元的投资主体,完善对经营者的监督制度,杜绝"内部人控制"现象,同时建立与各利益相关者利益挂钩的高管激励制度.     

Relaxing the sure-solvency conditions in temporary equilibrium models

The usual temporary equilibrium results hold when sure-solvency conditions are appropriately relaxed. Preferences over potentially bankrupt states are represented by an extension of the indirect utility function for negative wealth. For models without institutional constraints such as margin requirements, sure-solvency can be replaced by unbounded aversion to bankruptcy. For models with institutional constraints, sure-solvency can be replaced by a weaker limit on maximum loss (or expected loss).     

Modelling sovereign credit ratings: The accuracy of models in a heterogeneous sample

The accuracy of sovereign credit ratings renewed interest toward sovereign credit ratings in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. The controversy over the accuracies encouraged internal credit scoring systems to reduce reliance on sovereign credit ratings. By employing classification and regression trees (CART), multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machines (SVM), Bayes Net, and Naïve Bayes; we explore the prediction performance of several artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in predicting sovereign credit ratings in a heterogeneous sample. The results suggest that AI classifiers outperform the conventional statistical technique in terms of accurate prediction. According to within one notch and two notches accurate prediction measure, the prediction performances of the AI classifiers exceed 90% accuracy whereas the performance of the conventional statistical method is around 70%. The results further reveal that the prediction performance of the models declines around the threshold rating that is located between investment grade and speculative grade which is not necessarily the result of inadequacy of the models. Rather, this is potentially due to CRAs' cautious behaviour toward those countries around threshold rating which can be interpreted as the certification price of upgrading to investment grade.     

上市公司财务困境的串联和并联组合预测

利用单一判别分析方法对上市公司财务困境进行预测具有片面性和不稳定性。本文尝试通过多种判别分析方法的串联和并联组合来提高预测效果。以我国上市公司为对象的实证研究表明：在预测公司财务困境方面,串联组合的平均预测准确率最高,预测准确率最稳定。但是并联组合预测效果不够理想,有待改进以提高预测效果。     

Limited liability effect on product safety

This paper analyses how limited liability and capital size affect a firm's investment for product safety. Firms become bankrupt when their products cause accidents and they cannot compensate for the damages incurred. Relatively small firms obtain greater expected profit because they do not need to pay full damage when their products cause accidents and they become bankrupt. Thus, smaller firms may have greater incentives than larger firms to participate in risky projects. But relatively small firms may invest more for product safety because increasing their investments is not costly in case of bankruptcy.     

Sale-Backs in Bankruptcy

When bankrupt firms are sold, they are often repurchased bytheir former owner or manager. These insiders are by defaultbetter informed than outsiders about the true value of the firmor its assets, so other potential buyers must worry about overpayingif they win. The presence of insiders may thus have a chillingeffect on the bidding. We ask how insiders should be treatedin bankruptcy sales: Should they be allowed to submit bids?If so, under what conditions? We derive properties of an optimalsale procedure and show that it must be biased against insiders.Specifically, it should be harder for insiders to win with lowbids than for outsiders. We show that the "market tests" thatare routinely required in bankruptcy sales are suboptimal sincethey treat all potential buyers alike and forgo the benefitsof biasing the procedure against insiders.     

Legal form and risk exposure in Spanish firms

Abstract. It is well-known that the legal form adopted by a firm determines the type of legal responsibility borne by its owners in case of bankruptcy. In this paper we argue that a firm under a limited liability status should be characterized by a higher than average bankruptcy probability, which ultimately captures their risk exposure when output is affected by exogenous shocks. To test this prediction we extend Lee's (1976) switching regressions model to a panel dataset of 1313 Spanish firms from 1990–1994, separating them into corporate and entrepreneurial forms (with/without limited liability, respectively). We consider both random effects and fixed effects panel data models, taking into account the potential endogeneity between risk exposure and the legal form choice. Our results confirm the hypothesis that firms under limited liability have significant higher risk exposure than firms under unlimited liability. The authors gratefully acknowledge valuable suggestions from Maite Martínez-Granado, A. Jorge Padilla, Javier Suárez and two anonymous referees. Data and financial support provided by the Fundación Empresa Pública (Madrid) and comments from participants at seminars held at CEMFI, Simposio de Análisis Económico and Universidad de Vigo are also sincerely appreciated. Mr. Campos particularly acknowledges research funding by the University of Las Palmas.     

Duration of bankruptcy proceedings and monetary policy effectiveness

A common assumption in well-known costly-state-verification frameworks is that when a borrower defaults, creditors receive a payoff immediately (after incurring bankruptcy costs). While this assumption enhances tractability, it is unrealistic given the considerable delays in the actual practice of bankruptcy. In this paper, I identify the duration of bankruptcy proceedings as an additional source of friction in financial markets and investigate the relationship between this friction and the effectiveness of monetary policy by using U.S. state-level data. Consistent with the commonly-observed positive relationship between the degree of standard financial frictions and the amplitude of macroeconomic responses, I find that U.S. monetary policy is most effective in states with longer bankruptcy proceedings.     

Non-manipulable division rules in claim problems and generalizations

When resources are divided among agents, the characteristics of the agents are taken into consideration. A simple example is the bankruptcy problem, where the liquidation value of a bankrupt firm is divided among the creditors based on their claims. We characterize division rules under which no group of agents can increase the total amount they receive by transferring their characteristics within the group. By allowing agents’ characteristics to be multi-dimensional and choosing the meaning of variables appropriately, our model can subsume a number of existing and new allocation problems, such as cost sharing, social choice with transferable utilities, income redistribution, bankruptcy with multiple types of assets, probability updating, and probability aggregation. A number of existing and new results in specific problems are obtained as corollaries.     

金融市场发展、两税合并与企业资本结构——基于双重差分模型的实证分析

笔者以上市公司为样本,运用双重差分模型与多元回归分析,研究了两税合并对企业资本结构的影响和金融市场发展不均衡对所得税率影响资本结构呈现的不同特征。结果显示:相比于税率不变的样本企业,税率下降的样本企业负债率下降更显著;金融市场发展越完善,税率变化对企业负债率的影响越显著。     

上市公司财务困境预测的改进马田系统方法

针对上市公司财务困境预测中产生的不平衡数据,研究了一种用于分类不平衡数据的改进的马田系统,并给出实施过程和分类器。对若干UCI数据集进行了实验比较,结果表明该方法对于不平衡数据有较好的分类效果,且能筛选出重要变量以降维。最后,运用该方法对上市公司的财务困境进行预测的实证研究结果表明,该方法在不平衡数据的条件下在识别处于财务困境的上市公司方面具有良好的效果。     

基于价值创造和公司治理的财务状态分析与预测模型研究

我国约70%的上市公司处于价值损害状态。考虑到公司在对债权人违约之前,必先经历损害股东价值的阶段。因此,本文根据“价值创造观”(Value-Creation)来考察“价值损害型公司”的动态变化及其影响因素,并收集我国1998—2003年540家价值损害型上市公司的有关财务变量,首次引入公司内外部治理变量,应用“排序因变量模型”分析财务状态变化的影响因素,并采用“人工神经网络技术”,预测价值损害型企业的五种变化趋势:财务康复、财务转好、财务维持、财务转差或财务困境。结果表明:(1)总资产收益率等财务指标的改善,公司治理水平的提升或投资者保护程度的增强都有助于公司财务康复,反之则将导致公司陷入财务困境。(2)若公司在T年被界定为价值损害型公司,当采用T年和T+1年的数据分别构造“LMBP神经网络模型”来预测企业T+2年的财务状况的五种态势时,则预测准确率分别为55.1%和77.8%。(3)除财务指标外,股票超额收益率、本文构造的公司治理指数和投资者利益保护指数有助于预测价值损害型企业未来财务状态的变化趋势。     

Integrated Risk Management with a Filtered Bootstrap Approach

We present a multi-period risk model to measure portfolio risk that integrates market risk, credit risk and, in a simplified way, liquidity risk. Thus, it overcomes the major limitation currently shared by many risk models that are unable to give a complete picture of all portfolio risks according to a single, coherent framework. The model is based on the Filtered Bootstrap approach; hence, it captures conditional heteroskedasticity, serial correlation and non-normality in the risk factors, that is, most of the features of observed financial time series. Being a simulation risk model, it copes in a natural way with derivatives as it allows the full valuation of the probability density function of the contracts. In addition, it is a suitable and flexible way to generate future scenarios on medium‐term horizons, so this model is particularly appropriate for asset management companies.     

我国上市公司财务困境的预测模型研究

本文以我国上市公司为研究对象 ,选取了 70家处于财务困境的公司和 70家财务正常的公司为样本 ,首先应用剖面分析和单变量判定分析 ,研究财务困境出现前 5年内各年这二类公司 2 1个财务指标的差异 ,最后选定 6个为预测指标 ,应用Fisher线性判定分析、多元线性回归分析和Logistic回归分析三种方法 ,分别建立三种预测财务困境的模型。研究结果表明 :(1 )在财务困境发生前 2年或 1年 ,有 1 6个财务指标的信息时效性较强 ,其中净资产报酬率的判别成功率较高 ;(2 )三种模型均能在财务困境发生前做出相对准确的预测 ,在财务困境发生前 4年的误判率在 2 8%以内 ;(3)相对同一信息集而言 ,Logistic预测模型的误判率最低 ,财务困境发生前 1年的误判率仅为 6 .47%