我国货币供给量内生性浅析

本文从不同的方面,根据我国特有的国情,对我国货币供给量的内生性进行了分析。并指出在货币发行权的国家垄断这个前提不变的情况下,货币供给量必然会具有一定的内生性,虽然,随着利率、汇率的放开,货币供给量的内生性会得到缓解,但货币供给量作为货币政策的中介目标,仍然会对我国货币政策造成困扰。     

货币流通速度不稳定不能成为否定货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标的依据

大量的文献研究认为,货币流通速度不稳定则货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标是无效的。本文研究表明,影响货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标的主要因素是流通速度的可预测性以及货币当局对货币流通速度的预测能力,货币流通速度的不稳定并不必然意味着货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标是无效的。只要货币当局能够准确预测货币流通速度变化的方向和幅度,货币供给量就仍然可以作为货币政策的中介目标。     

货币供应量是现阶段我国货币政策中介目标的现实选择

近年来,由于我国货币政策效果不佳,引发了货币供应量是否适合继续充当中介目标的争论.本文通过分析货币量目标低效率的原因认为,导致我国货币政策效果不佳的原因是多方面的,不能简单地否定.当前宜不断完善货币供应量中介目标.     

对我国货币政策中介目标的研究

货币供应量作为我国货币政策中介目标虽仍具备合理性,却面临一系列困难和障碍;同时,由于利率形成机制并不完善,利率暂时不能作为货币政策中介目标.目前我国应将货币供应量作为货币政策直接中介目标,而以利率作为辅助中介目标,发挥利率在货币政策体系中应有的作用.     

影子银行对我国货币政策的影响与对策

影子银行的过快发展会影响货币供应量的可测性、可控性和相关性,不利于货币政策最终目标的实现,影响货币政策的有效性。实证研究结果表明,我国影子银行发展削弱了货币政策的可控性,不利于维持物价稳定,与经济增长、通货膨胀、货币供给量之间存在长期的协整关系。对此,应完善货币供应量的统计口径,注重社会融资总量指标,货币政策中介目标应向利率中介指标倾斜。同时,调整准备金的统计口径,提高再贴现工具的效力,加强对影子银行的监管。     

货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标适应性研究

文章围绕货币政策中介目标的可测性、可控性和相关性特征,系统地对货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的有效性进行模型分析和数据检验。研究结果表明:货币供给的内生性增强,货币供给的可控性降低;短期货币需求和货币流通速度不稳定,货币供给的可测性较差。但是,货币供给量与GDP和物价之间的相关性较好。     

我国稳健货币政策下货币中介目标的效力探讨

本文重点探讨了我国货币政策现行中介目标货币供给量存在的问题,指出货币供给量内生性的存在和金融市场迅速发展,正在对我国货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的地位提出严酷挑战。最后给出本文的政策建议。考虑到目前没有适合的经济变量可以完全取代货币供应量的中介目标地位,本文认为不能简单地否定货币供应量,应通过调节货币供应量层次、改善制度环境等手段,提高货币政策的效力。     

中国股票市场传导货币政策低效原因分析

当前中国股票市场传导货币政策的效率是十分低效的，低效的主要原因在于，我国货币政策的最终目标和中介目标已不适应我国经济发展要求，同时利率管制造成了我国金融资产间利率结构的形成机制极不合理，货币市场与股票市场分割且发展不平衡，股票市场规模偏小，且自身又存在严重的功能缺陷。     

我国货币政策中介目标选择的实证分析——基于引入创新因素的扩展普尔模型分析

文章在普尔基本模型和引入金融创新的扩展普尔模型的基础上,对我国货币政策中介目标选择进行了实证分析。普尔基本模型实证结果表明1996-2009年中央银行应选择货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标。而引入金融创新的扩展普尔模型实证结果得出了截然相反的结论,认为1996-2009年我国应选择利率作为货币政策中介目标,特别是在2003年以后,利率作为中介目标的优势更趋明显。总之,在金融创新和利率市场化改革的推动下,货币供应量作为我国货币政策中介目标的优势在逐渐下降,我国货币政策中介目标应逐步由货币供应量向利率过渡。     

中国货币政策中介目标选择的实证研究

通过采用单位根检验、协整检验以及格兰杰因果检验的方法,对货币供应量和利率同经济增长的关系进行研究,进而对我国现行货币政策中介目标选择的合理性进行分析.实证结果表明,货币供应量与货币政策最终目标之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,而利率与最终目标之间并无显著影响,从而说明我国目前以货币供应量作为中介目标是合理的,而利率尚不具备可选择性.     

The transition of China's monetary policy regime: Before and after the four trillion RMB stimulus

This paper studies the monetary policy of China in a flexible time-varying parameter vector autoregression model with stochastic volatility, with a focus on the monetary policy regime change around 2009 when the four trillion RMB stimulus started. We find that China has been transiting from targeting money quantity to targeting interest rate since 2009. The interest rate policy instrument played a bigger role in the central bank's monetary policy toolbox. We check an alternative identification strategy and a couple of different model settings to show the robustness of this conclusion.     

Financial market imperfections and monetary policy strategy

In a model with imperfect money, credit and reserve markets, we examine if an inflation-targeting central bank applying the funds rate operating procedure to indirectly control market interest rates also needs a monetary aggregate as policy instrument. We show that if private agents use information extracted from money and financial markets to form inflation expectations and if interest rate pass-through is incomplete, the central bank can use a narrow monetary aggregate and the discount interest rate as independent and complementary policy instruments to reinforce the credibility of its announcements and the role of inflation target as a nominal anchor for inflation expectations. This study shows how a monetary policy strategy combining inflation targeting and monetary targeting can be conceived to guarantee macroeconomic stability and the credibility of monetary policy. Friedman's k-percent money growth rule, which can generate dynamic instability, and two alternative stabilizing feedback monetary targeting rules are examined.     

Does money have a role in the inflation process? Evidence from Australia

Inflation, defined as a sustained increase in the price level, is considered a monetary phenomenon, as it can be explained within the framework of money‐demand and money‐supply relationships. In the extant literature, money growth is shown to remain causally related to inflation across countries and over time, irrespective of the exchange rate regime and stability of the money‐demand function. Nevertheless, emerging literature suggests a diminishing role of money in the conduct of monetary policy for price stability, especially under inflation targeting. Monetary policy in Australia under inflation targeting since 1993 is an example of policy that denies a relationship between money growth and inflation. The proposition that money does not matter insofar as inflation is concerned seems odd in both theory and the best‐practice monetary policy for price stability. This paper uses annual data for the period 1970–2017 and quarterly data for the period 1970Q1–2015Q1. It deploys both the Johansen cointegration approach and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach to investigate for Australia whether money, real output, prices and the exchange rate (non‐stationary variables) maintain the long‐run price‐level relationship that the classical monetary theory suggests in the presence of such stationary variables as the domestic and foreign interest rates. As expected, the empirical findings for Australia are consistent with the classical long‐run price‐level relationship between money, real output, prices and the exchange rate. The error‐correction model of inflation confirms the presence of a cointegral relationship among these variables; it also provides strong evidence of a short‐run causal relationship between money supply growth and inflation. On the basis of a priori theoretical predictions and empirical findings, the paper draws the conclusion that the monetary aggregate and its growth rate matter insofar as inflation is concerned, irrespective of the strategy of monetary policy for price stability.     

Money–output Granger causal dynamics in China

This paper attempts to investigate the time-varying causal dynamics between China's money and output by using a Markov switching causality approach. Unlike the pre-specified break points and rolling-window methods, the Markov switching causality approach can capture the time-varying causality patterns endogenously. Our empirical results show that there are bidirectional time-varying Granger causalities between China's money and output. On the one hand, the money supply Granger-causes output when the economy is overheated or during recession, whilst it has no significant effect on output when the economy grows moderately; the short term interest rate only has temporary effect on output, suggesting the ineffectiveness of the interest rate based monetary policy. On the other hand, output only affects the money supply in short periods, whilst the feedback of output on the short term interest rate has distinct regime switching features, which implies that the nonlinear Taylor rule targeting on the short term interest rate is more appropriate than the McCallum rule in describing China's monetary policy reaction function.     

通货膨胀目标制度在我国实施的可行性分析

20世纪90年代以来,由于通货膨胀目标制(Inflation Targeting,以下又简称通胀目标制)被越来越多的国家采用,使得通胀目标制成为近年西方货币经济学领域最热门的研究课题之一。从传统的以控制货币供应量为主的货币目标法(Monetary'Targeting)和以稳定汇率为主的汇率目标法(Exchange rate Targeting)到明确公布通货膨胀目标的通胀目标制是一个货币政策方面的重大转变。本文主要分析了我国实施通胀目标制的可行性,并提供相关的政策建议。     

The effects of the monetary policy regime shift to inflation targeting on the real interest rate in the United Kingdom

This paper studies the effects of the monetary policy regime shift to inflation targeting on the stochastic properties of the real interest rate in the U.K. The empirical analysis suggests a constant mean of the real interest rate that shifts with the monetary policy regime change to inflation targeting in October 1992. The mean-reverting level of the real interest rate has decreased from 5.1% to 2.3% per annum with the change in monetary policy to inflation targeting. In addition, the shift in monetary policy regime to inflation targeting has reduced the volatility of the real interest rate and increased the persistence of real interest rate deviations from the mean. The results suggest that the central bank can affect the stochastic properties of the real interest rate through the choice of monetary policy regime over a long period of time.     

Monetary targeting in the Netherlands: an application of co-integration tests

There are two criteria to choose an intermediate variable for monetary targeting. First, the money demand function needs to be stable and second, the monetary authorities should be able to control the target variable given the available instruments. In this paper we examine whether M1 and M2 in the Netherlands fulfil the first requirement, i.e. we investigate whether a stable relationship exists between these monetary variables and key macroeconomic variables. Co-integration techniques are used which are very well suited for this purpose. Monetary policy in the Netherlands has been directed towards the growth rate of broad money (M2). The present findings do not suport the choice of M2 as an intermediate target for monetary policy in the Netherlands. A stable long-term relationship between M2 and real NNP and Long-and short-term interest rates does not exist. The results for M1 are considerbly better, though not favourable at all scores. The estimated moeny demand function for M1 is a good indicator for monetary policy, since the Dutch central bank probably cannot control the growth rate of M1.     

The Taylor rules and macroeconomic fluctuation in China: 1994–2006

The correlation and controllability of money supply as the intermediate object of monetary policy is gradually weakening, the argument that interest rate substitutes the money supply for the alternative object is hotly discussed. According to the Taylor rule and its extensions, this paper has a positive analysis on the efficiency of Taylor-type rules in China through historical analysis, policy reaction function approach and co-integration technology of time series analysis. This paper draws a conclusion that Taylor rule is unstable in China, and less correlation can be found between interest rate and the output gap, and the central bank focus on the inflation target rather than economic growth. Therefore, the central bank should abide by the simple rule of inflation targeting.     

The effectiveness of monetary policy in steering money market rates during the financial crisis

The financial crisis has deeply affected money markets and thus, potentially, the proper functioning of the interest rate channel of monetary policy transmission. Therefore, we analyze the effectiveness of monetary policy in steering euro area money market rates by looking at (i) the predictability of money market rates on the basis of monetary policy expectations and (ii) the impact of extraordinary central bank measures on money market rates. We find that during the crisis money market rates up to 12 months still respond to revisions in the expected path of future rates, even though to a lesser extent than before August 2007. We attribute part of the loss in monetary policy effectiveness to money market rates being driven by higher liquidity premia and increased uncertainty about future interest rates. Our results also indicate that the ECB’s non-standard monetary policy measures as of October 2008 were effective in addressing the disruptions in the euro area money market. In fact, our estimates suggest that non-standard monetary policy measures helped to lower Euribor rates by more than 80 basis points. These findings show that central banks have effective tools at hand to conduct monetary policy in times of crises.     

Stability of Money Demand and Monetary Policy in Papua New Guinea (PNG): An Error Correction Model Analysis

An error correction model (ECM) is used to study the Properties of money demand and to evaluate the appropriate monetary policy in PNG. The study confirms that the determinats of money demand are real GDP, nominal interest and inflation rate. The income elasticity of money demand is very low. The demand for money in PNG was stable during 1979-95, suggesting that the monetary targeting regime by the PNG Central Bank is feasible. However, as PNG proceeds with economic reforms that Includes financial sector reform and a floating exchange rate regime, the stability of the demand for money may have to be re-examined periodically. The best approach for conducting the monetary policy in PNG is to target the inflation rate. [E41, E52, C22]