Unilateral climate policy and the green paradox: Extraction costs matter

I analyze the effect of unilateral climate policies in a two‐country model where fossil fuel extraction costs depend on both current extraction and remaining stock and where a constant marginal‐cost clean substitute is available. An intensification of climate policy in the country with an initially stricter policy does not increase early fossil fuel extraction (i.e., there is no “weak green paradox”) or the present value of pollution costs (i.e., there is no “strong green paradox”) if energy demand in that country is initially met with a mix of fossil fuel and a substitute. Whether a stricter climate policy in the country with an initially laxer policy causes a weak green paradox depends on the price elasticity of energy demand and the strength of the flow and stock dependence of extraction costs. If the reduction of total extraction is sufficiently strong, it overcompensates for a weak green paradox with respect to pollution costs. Thus, a weak green paradox does not necessarily imply a strong green paradox, due to stock dependence.     

科技创新效率与煤炭企业高质量绿色发展效应研究

收集了2009—2018年全国煤炭工业企业科技创新数据、煤炭深加工等转型数据,采用判别分析法确定煤炭企业科技创新效率、高质量绿色转型效应;收集全国34家煤业上市公司数据,采用熵值法确定煤炭企业资产结构演变熵值和绿色演变效应;采用回归分析法确定科技创新效率与经济高质量绿色发展效应的关系,得出的结论是:煤炭工业科技创新从整体上产生了经济高质量绿色发展效应。这种“高质量发展”作用主要是促进了煤炭企业高质量转型,产生了绿色转型效应。其绿色转型效应远远超过煤炭企业产业方向调整、资产结构演变所产生的“阵痛”负作用;煤炭企业高质量转型、资产结构绿色演变是连接科技创新与经济效益的纽带。     

基于相对价格线的里昂惕夫之谜的理论探讨

对里昂惕夫之谜的现有解释只是就里昂惕夫之谜解释里昂惕夫之谜,而没有跳出里昂惕夫之谜的思想框架。利用生产可能性边界、社会无差异曲线和相对价格线分析工具,通过几何方法,分析消费均衡点和生产均衡点的不同位置关系,可以认定理论上确实存在里昂惕夫之谜,我们可以通过国民经济发展阶段学说,对里昂惕夫之谜作出新的理论解释。     

Are the Laffer curve and the green paradox mutually exclusive?

In this paper, we study the relationship between the Laffer curve and the green paradox in the context of a Ramsey model with endogenous labor supply in which pollution increases consumer demand (through a compensation effect). We find that—in the long run—the conditions under which a Laffer curve and a green paradox emerge are mutually exclusive. Indeed, the Laffer curve exists under a weak compensation effect, while the green paradox requires a strong effect. Also, we find that, in the short run, limit cycles may arise in the presence of a Laffer curve, while they never occur under a green paradox.     

Fuel Efficiency Improvements: Feedback Mechanisms and Distributional Effects in the Oil Market

We study the interactions between fuel efficiency improvements in the transport sector and the oil market, where the efficiency improvements are policy-induced in certain regions of the world. We are especially interested in feedback mechanisms of fuel efficiency such as the rebound effect, carbon leakage and the “green paradox”, but also the distributional effects for oil producers. An intertemporal numerical model of the international oil market is introduced, where OPEC-Core producers have market power. We find that the rebound effect has a noticeable effect on the transport sector, with the magnitude depending on the oil demand elasticity. In the benchmark simulations, we calculate that almost half of the energy savings may be lost to a direct rebound effect and an additional 10% to oil price adjustments. In addition, there is substantial intersectoral leakage to other sectors through lower oil prices in the regions that introduce the policy. There is a small green paradox effect in the sense that oil consumption increases initially when the fuel efficiency measures are gradually implemented. Finally, international carbon leakage will be significant if policies are not implemented in all regions; we estimate leakage rates of 35% or higher when only major consuming regions implement fuel economy policies. Non-OPEC producers will to a larger degree than OPEC producers cut back on its oil supply as a response to fuel efficiency policies due to high production costs.     

CARBON LEAKAGE,THE GREEN PARADOX,AND PERFECT FUTURE MARKETS*

Policies of lowering carbon demand may aggravate instead of alleviate climate change (green paradox). In a two‐period, three‐country general equilibrium model with finite endowment of fossil fuel, one country enforces an emissions cap in the first or second periods. When that cap is tightened, the extent of carbon leakage depends on the interaction of various parameters and elasticities. Conditions for the green paradox are specified. All determinants of carbon leakage resulting from tightening the first‐period cap work in the opposite direction when the second‐period cap is tightened. Tightening the second‐period cap does not necessarily lead to the green paradox.     

Time-to-build, obsolescence and the technological paradox

The paper focusses on the technological paradox. To analyze the possible temporary negative effect of an innovation we make use of a flow representation of production. Our aim is to show that such phenomenon can be justified by a simple property of the production process: in real time costs strictly come before proceeds. Moving in the same direction of Amendola (1972), and extending an overlooked result in Belloc (1980), we analyze the obsolescence effect induced by a rise in the interest rate. Furthermore, we analyze the role of capital market stickiness on the timing of the technological paradox and on the distribution of the obsolescence effect among the different stages of a vertical integrated production system.     

成长型资源城市绿色转型研究

资源型城市必须走绿色转型之路。绿色转型是以生态优先、绿色发展为导向的经济转型,其路径选择是一个摆脱传统发展模式向清洁、循环、低碳发展的递进过程,关键是选择在成长期主动转型,核心是优化资源型城市资源型产业发展路径。运用线性规划(Linear Programming)方法对成长型资源城市鄂尔多斯市的资源型产业发展路径优化分析得出,煤炭产业绿色转型不能只追求项目规模和经济增速,发展煤电及现代煤化工是煤炭产业绿色转型的最优路径,煤制气和煤制油是现代煤化工行业的最优路径。     

Pollution effects on preferences: A unified approach

In this paper, we introduce a unified Ramsey model where pollution has an impact on preferences and affects both consumption demand and labor supply. Pollution comes from production activities and is viewed as a stock variable with a strong inertia. A government is introduced and levies a proportional tax on production to finance depollution expenditure. We find two interesting results when pollution raises the consumption demand (compensation effect). First, in the long run, a higher green‐tax rate increases the pollution level at the steady state (green paradox) when pollution raises the labor supply (disenchantment effect). Second, in the short run, local indeterminacy can arise through a Hopf bifurcation when pollution lowers the labor supply (leisure effect) even if pollution has a strong inertia.     

循环经济:构建绿色煤炭工业体系的必然选择

绿色煤炭工业是以煤炭资源节约和环境友好为核心,以实现煤炭工业与社会、环境的和谐发展为目标的新型煤炭工业,其关键是实现煤炭资源的绿色开采、清洁生产和无污染使用.循环经济作为一种实践可持续发展理念的新的经济发展模式,是构建绿色煤炭工业体系的,必然选择.     

发展低碳经济对于可持续发展及相关产业发展的促进价值

由于全球升温给人类的生产和生活等各个方面带来的灾难日益严重,温室效应问题引起了各国的广泛关注。作为温室气体排放权的起点《京都议定书》确定了帮助发达国家缔约方减轻其承担减排义务费用的三个灵活机制:排放贸易机制,联合履行机制和清洁发展机制。在介绍了由于全球的环境问题存在着区域差异和控制气候变化的国际合作中,因为国家利益和立场的差异,使得180多个国家分化成不同的国家利益集团,从而形成了国际碳交易市场的现状。分析了中国从世界各国碳交易市场的现状中得到的启示以及中国目前碳交易现状。阐述了国际碳交易对中国主要产业发展的启示,分别介绍了中国各产业经济等方面应该把握的机遇和迎接的挑战。     

Employment impacts of a ‘green’ energy transition in China

Before the US financial crisis that began in 2008, China was the ‘factory’ of the world, utilizing energy intensively for such processes as steelmaking, papermaking and concrete production. As such, energy emissions in China increased dramatically until 2007, with much of the energy being provided by the labor-intensive coal industry. Under the 11th five-year plan, China resolved to increase its energy efficiency, setting out to reduce energy consumption while continuing to increase economic growth, and to increase the usage of ‘green’ technologies to 15% of all energy used by 2020. The Renewable Energy Law of 2007 set a guideline for China's energy reduction goals, to quadruple the national GDP while only doubling the country's electricity usage by the year 2020. Currently, there are virtually no studies on the employment effects of a ‘green’ transition to explore what impact the current energy goals, or potentially ‘greener’ energy goals, would have on China's labor force. This paper seeks to analyze the effects on employment of a ‘green’ transition.     

DIRECTED SEARCH AND THE BERTRAND PARADOX

I study a directed search model of oligopolistic competition, extended to incorporate general capacity constraints, congestion effects, and pricing based on ex post demand. In the presence of any one of these ingredients, the Bertrand paradox fails to hold. Hence, despite the emphasis that has been placed by the literature on sellers' capacity constraints as a resolution to the paradox, the existence of such constraints is only a subcase of a general class of environments where the paradox fails. Specifically, Bertrand's paradox will not arise whenever the buyers' expected utility from visiting a seller is decreasing in that seller's realized demand.     

煤矿绿色GDP核算方法探讨

科学发展观要求建立绿色经济核算体系,进行煤炭绿色GDP核算是客观评价煤矿经济效益的基础。本文论述了煤矿绿色GDP核算的内容和方法,总结出实行煤矿绿色核算的保障措施。     

The ‘Troubling Tradeoffs’ Paradox and a Resolution

Ravallion ( 2012a ) argues that the Human Development Index (HDI) embeds questionable tradeoffs between the dimensions used to compute the index. To alleviate these problems he proposes the adoption of one of the indices developed by Chakravarty ( 2003 ). In this paper I identify the following paradox: while the Chakravarty indices clearly exhibit more sensible tradeoffs than the HDI, the HDI produces more sensible rankings than the Chakravarty indices. To solve the paradox I identify the axioms behind each methodology responsible for the unintuitive tradeoffs and rankings and illustrate how to develop an index with these questionable axioms removed. This approach can result in methodologies that exhibit more intuitive tradeoffs by design, as it seeks inputs from the public as to what those tradeoffs ought to be, and produces rankings that are more in line with what the HDI wishes to measure: human development and capabilities, as conceptualized by Sen ( 1985 ).     

山西省经济增长与煤炭生产量、消费量的相关性分析

利用19782004年的相关数据,对山西煤炭年产量、年消费量与山西经济增长进行相关性分析,认为山西省的煤炭生产量与GDP增长不具有长期均衡关系,而山西的煤炭消费量与GDP增长有着很好的同步关系,煤炭消费量的变化最终影响了山西的经济增长。该结论解释了山西煤炭的“资源诅咒”现象。山西资源经济要健康地可持续发展,一种符合可持续发展理念的现实选择即是在科学的煤炭价格机制下大力发展循环经济。     

基于中国经验重构新新贸易理论的分析框架

异质性企业贸易模型是新新贸易理论的基本分析框架,该模型从企业生产率异质性角度分析企业出口的决定因素,得到企业拥有高生产率是保证其出口的重要条件,从而出口企业的生产率要高于内销企业的结论。不过,对中国企业的经验研究却发现,出口企业的生产率未必高于内销企业,甚至低于内销企业,即中国出口企业存在"生产率悖论"。目前,对于"生产率悖论"的研究主要集中于经验分析,并没有提出一个合理解释该现象的理论模型。文章从扩展异质性企业贸易模型的角度,建立了一个旨在解释"生产率悖论"的数理模型。尽管该模型对"生产率悖论"具有解释作用,但是并没有否定生产率对企业出口的作用。文章进一步使用较新的LP方法计算了中国制造业企业的生产率并运用统计法检验了出口企业"生产率悖论"的存在性,检验结果表明中国制造业大部分行业不存在"生产率悖论"。总之,文章研究认为生产率只是企业出口的一个必要条件而不是充分条件,这也重新构建了新新贸易理论的分析框架。     

试探我国新农村建设中农业发展的"囚徒困境"

生产发展应是新农村建设的经济基础和逻辑起点,而农业发展内含多个"困境",体现为农业发展和新农村建设的主体形成困境、结构调整困境、谈判能力困境和生产效率困境,显示出农业发展的基础不稳定也不牢靠.基于这种背景,将现有家庭联产承包责任制演化为家庭专业承包责任制的组织创新将至关重要.     

煤炭资源税费改革对工业"三废"排放的影响——基于山西的实证研究

煤炭资源税费改革对山西省煤炭生产量有显著的影响,山西作为一个煤炭资源大省,煤炭产量、经济增长、环境污染三者之间存在密切的联系.将两次煤炭资源税费改革作为虚拟变量,引入经济增长与工业"三废"排放的关系模型进行分析.结果表明:两次煤炭资源税的上调,对工业固体废弃物的产生没有显著影响,并且每次的上调仅对"三废"中的"一废"产生影响,而且这种影响在当期比较明显,在长期来看,污染物的排放量随着经济的增长而增长,当污染物排放的增长累积量超过当期污染物排放的减少量的时候,煤炭资源税上调的政策影响也就消失.     

REVENUE SEEKING AND METZLER PARADOXES

Bhagwati and Srinivasan (1980) demonstrated the interesting possibility that once revenue seeking is introduced the Metzler paradox may arise even for a small country: that is, a tariff will decrease the output of the inportable good. In this note, we establish the conditions under which the Metzler production paradox will arise and discuss the relation between the importable-good and the exportable-good production paradoxes.