浅谈水土保持工程管理的现状及建议

水土保持工程管理是水土保持工作的重要组成部分。目前在水土保持工程管理上，由于体制、机制等方面的原因，水土保持工程存在着建而不管、管而不实的误区，影响了水土保持工程效益的发挥。应当尽陕从法律和体制、机制上规范水土保持工程的管理行为，确保水土保持生态建设投资的保值和增值。     

新时期我国水土保持科技需求及效果评析

人类进行水土保持有着长远的历史，而把水土保持作为一门科技进行专门研究，则始于20世纪20年代。随着自然、社会环境的变化与科学技术的发展，水土保持科学也进入了一个新的发展阶段。本文通过对水土保持科技取得的成果及新时期水土保持所面临的严峻挑战的分析，列出了水土保持需要加强研发的关键技术和保障水土保持科技发展的措施。     

浅论水土保持生态补偿现状探讨

目前,我国水土保持生态补偿实践已有一定基础,但是由于理论研究,制度建设和人们认知水平等因素限制,还未建立起完整意义上的、系统的、科学的水土保持生态补偿机制,水土保持生态补偿还存在诸多问题.     

浅谈编制开发建设项目水土保持投资估算的几个要点

编制开发建设项目水土保持投资估算时，要采用正确的编制依据，掌握正确的编制方法，注重与水土保持措施的设计人员配合，熟知水土保持措施，总结主体已有的水土保持投资，后期认真校核与审查，才能避免编制中出现更多问题。     

黄土高原水土保持社会效益评价——以定西地区为例

通过科学分析,建立黄土高原水土保持社会效益评价系统,并确定系统中各评价因子的评价标准和评价指数。在此基础上,采用层次分析法以定西地区为例确定评价指数权重,并对该区水土保持社会效益进行评价,对评价结果进行分析。分析结果表明:定西地区水土保持社会效益的各项指标偏低,其中土地治理指数极差;劳动力结构相似指数一般;居住舒适指数较差;粮食安全指数评价一般;土地效率指数和劳动效率指数均在一般标准底线徘徊。但同时评价数据显示,近10年来定西地区水土保持社会效益各项指标均呈上升趋势,说明该区近年来水土保持取得了明显社会效益,向好的方向发展。     

浅谈用科学发展观指导乌拉特前旗水土保持工作

乌拉特前旗水土保持工作以科学发展观为指导，紧紧围绕人与自然和谐的发展理念，以“治理水土流失，改善生态环境，提高农业综合生产力，促进区域经济发展”为目标，始终立足高起点规划，高标准治理，高效益推进，坚持以重点小流域治理为单元，依靠生态自我修复，大面积封禁，全方位保护，全面贯彻落实科学发展观，解放思想、更新观念、深化改革、创新体制和机制，重点加强水土保持项目建设，为旗域经济发展、社会进步做好保障。为全面加快水土流失防治步伐，我们积极探索水土保持与农村经济社会发展的内在联系，     

小型水库工程水土保持措施探讨

根据水土保持法的有关规定和西河二库水库工程的实际情况，通过现场实际勘察和调查了解，分析了开发建设项目水土流失的特点，并进行了预测，编制了西河二库水库工程水土保持方案。水土保持方案实施后，通过工程和植物措施的综合治理，可得到包括生态效益、社会效益和经济效益的综合效益。     

浅谈城市水土保持规划和可持续发展

城市水土保持是水土保持工作的重要组成部分,是城市实现可持续发展的必不可少的基础条件,城市水土保持规划是城市水土保持工作的重要前提。编制科学的城市水土保持规划,治理城市水土流失,才能使城市步入可持续发展的轨道。目前,城市水土保持规划缺乏规范化,阻碍了城市的可持续发展。因此要建设健康的城市环境,打造绿色城市,就必须规范水土保持规划,切实改善生态环境,保证人与自然的和谐健康发展,促进经济社会协调发展。本文在阐述城市水土保持规划重要性基础上,对城市水土保持规划中存在的问题、如何规范城市水土保持规划,以及如何编制有利于可持续发展的规划进行分析说明,希望可以对城市水土保持规划和城市可持续发展有所帮助。     

浅谈水土保持的必要性

水是生命之源，土是生存之本，水土是人类赖以生存和发展的基本条件，是不可替代的基础资源。首先阐述水土保持的必要性，然后描写中国水土流失现状和水土流失的危害，最后对水土保持在水利中的积极作用进行探讨。     

天津蓟县水土保持治理研究

天津市的水土保持流失主要集中在蓟县,本文以蓟县的水土流失为研究对象,介绍了蓟县的基本情况、社会经济概况、水土流失现状、水土保持情况,分析了蓟县水土保持的经验和教训,为下一步天津水土保持工作积累了一定经验.     

Wind tunnel simulation and evaluation of soil conservation function of alpine grassland in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Aiming at studying soil conservation function of alpine grassland in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, this paper simulated soil erosion changes under different degrees of human disturbance in a wind tunnel laboratory. Three types of grasslands were selected, which include alpine meadow (QH-1), alpine steppe meadow (QH-2) and alpine steppe (QH-3), and the soil erosion rate was taken as the index to measure soil conservation function. The experimental results show that the soil erosion rates of three grassland samples increase with wind velocity under different treatments but the increment of erosion rate varied greatly. Under original status, soil erosion rates are in turn QH-1 < QH-2 < QH-3, which indicates that the soil conservation services are QH-1 > QH-2 > QH-3. When the aboveground vegetation was cut, the soil erosion rate change of QH-1 is the same as that of QH-3 and compared with the original status both of them changed a little. And when the root system was destroyed the erosion rates range in turn as QH-1 < QH-2 < QH-3. So the data suggest that soil conservation service for the three types of grasslands should be QH-1 > QH-2 > QH-3. The economic values of soil conservation were estimated, which include the values of organic carbon fixation, nutrient retention and reducing soil disuse.     

Bio-economic modelling of soil erosion externalities and policy options: a Tunisian case study

Soil erosion is one of the most important of today’s environmental externalities and a major threat to sustainability of agricultural system. It constitutes the most widespread forms of land degradation throughout the world. The aim of this paper is to estimate the amount of soil erosion generated by the current cropping systems in Tunisia and to assess the economic and ecological impacts of policy instruments designed to handle this problem. The analysed policy options are based on soil conservation practices and direct incentive farming anti-erosive measures. The selected measures are the reduction of tillage, the avoidance of bare fallow and the use of legume-based crop rotation. A bio-economic modelling framework coupling the biophysical model EPIC to a non-linear dynamic programming farm model was used for this impact analysis. It was performed in a set of representative farms belonging to a region in North-Eastern Tunisia (Zaghouan) strongly affected by this phenomenon. The main finding of this research is the non-convexity of the crop yield—soil erosion space. That is, the use of more intensive techniques to increase productivity (i.e. crop yield) may be accompanied by rough changes in soil erosion (damage) curves, manifested either by non-monotony or non-convexity. In term of policy options and because of giving up convexity assumptions, incentive anti-erosive measures appear more efficient than conventional environmental policies such as Pigouvian taxes or quota systems. The implementation of soil conservation practices would leads to a net decrease in soil erosion and an increase in farm income. However, with the current interest rate of 7% the possible rise in income is not enough to stimulate farmers to invest on these practices. A maximum rate of 4% would be necessary to make this policy option more effective.     

陕北黄土丘陵区生态农业发展模式研究

I.IntroductionThe loess hilly-gully region in Shannxi is at the middlereaches of Yellow River,and its total area is37,200km2.About3000years ago,there was a great of woodland inmost area of this region(He Xiubin and Tang Keli,1993).But after1940,because of the increasing population,de-forestation and wasteland cultivation,the ecosystem andeconomic system turn severity malajustment(Derbyshireand Jingtai,1994;Wu Qianxiao and Yang Wenzhi,1998;Tang Keli and He Xiubin,1999;ESD-CAS,2001)The…     

中国黄土高原地区水土保持生态建设的探讨

黄土高原是我国乃至世界上水土流失最严重、生态环境最脆弱的地区。同时,该地区还是实施西部大开发战略的重要区域,也是我国重要的能源重化工基地,由于其独特的区位优势和资源优势,在我国国民经济和社会发展中处于重要的地位。从黄土高原地区水土保持生态建设的实际情况出发,结合历史经验教训,分析了黄土高原地区水土保持的重要性,总结了黄土高原地区水土保持的发展历史,探讨了黄土高原地区水土保持生态建设的基本思路。     

我国西南地区水土治理及西部大开发的实证研究

无论是从问题的实质,还是方法论的角度来讲,水土治理都是西南地区经济开发中的一项战略性工程。通过对云南省红河州具体的水土流失现状、危害和治理的紧迫性和治理中存在的主要问题的分析,提出了西南地区水土治理的总体战略设想和具体的治理措施。     

水土保持综合治理与生态环境响应--以江苏省盱眙县低山丘陵区为例

本文通过分析盱眙县低山丘陵区水土流失状况、形成原因及危害,提出低山丘陵区水土保持治理的主要技术措施:山顶林草防治、山腰经济林带整治、山脚坡改梯治理。并着重论述水土保持治理的生态环境效应:具有明显的保水、保土、保肥作用,改善生态系统的环境效应和提高生物多样性功能,为低山丘陵区的生态环境恢复和农业可持续发展奠定基础。     

科学孵化苎麻家居类创新企业拉动坡耕地水土流失治理步伐

苎麻种植是南方坡耕地十分有效的一项生态经济措施,既能保持水土,又能获取经济收益。过度外贸型的苎麻产品结构,受国际金融危机影响,出口量急剧下降,造成苎麻种植面积直线下降、退出坡耕地用作其他农作物种植后土壤侵蚀加大的不利局面。苎麻产品只有立足国内市场,才能将苎麻市场做大做强。面向家居市场是可选途径之一。2007年以来,苎麻墙布开发的技术工艺研发与孵化已经完成,据此规模生产苎麻墙布产品,将形成南方坡耕地区水土保持生态建设与经济共同发展,企业与农民共同致富的良性循环。     

Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation in Subsistence Crop Production in the Eastern Ethiopian Highlands: The Case of the Hunde-Lafto Area

The aim of this paper is to analyze whether investment in soil and water conservation results in a higher yield and income and/or mitigate variability in yield and income to subsistence farm households in the Hunde-Lafto area. Net returns from crop production with and without soil and water conservation (SWC) are compared based on stochastic dominance (SD) criteria. A non-parametric first order SD and normalized second order are used for data analysis. Analysis is based on the Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP) database for the Hunde-Lafto research unit. The results of the analysis suggest that adopting a conservation strategy results in higher grain yield and net return than in not adopting. The normalized second order SD analysis results do not support the hypothesis that conservation strategy is unambiguously better than a noconservation strategy in reducing variability in yield and net return to farmers. However, conservation strategy has shown second order dominance at lower levels of yield and income that often correspond to unfavorable rainfall conditions. This makes it a preferred strategy to cope with the most prevalent risk factor of moisture shortage. Therefore, appropriate policies to help and encourage farmers to adopt SWC structures will contribute to improving the welfare of subsistence farm households in the study area and in other similar settings in the country. Designing and implementing SWC techniques that may result in unambiguous second order SD dominance will further improve the desirability and adoption of conservation measures.     

State-conditioned soil investment in rural Uganda

While poor soils limit agricultural production across rural, sub-Saharan Africa, most smallholder farmers fail to invest in their soils in the way that soil scientists and policy makers prescribe. A small but growing literature examines biophysical constraints on soil investment, and in particular state-conditioned soil investment – the manner in which current soil fertility drives investment in soils in poor, agricultural contexts. While some research finds that farmers invest more in low fertility soils, other authors find the opposite. We model two types of state-conditioned soil investment, and show that while organic amendments in the form of manure or compost are optimally applied on low fertility plots, structural investments to halt soil degradation may not be optimal on any plots, or may be optimal only on high value, high fertility plots. Using plot-level panel data from Uganda, we find that soil fertility measures from 2003 do predict subsequent soil management practices a decade later. Farmers are more likely to apply organic amendments to low fertility plots, as predicted by our analytical model. Laborious conservation practices and structural investments in plots are quite rare, indicating that these measure may not be effective enough to be profitable in Uganda. Even so, certain conservation practices are predicted by 2003 soil fertility conditions. These associations, and the associations regarding organic amendment, are highly stable in the face of many controls – it appears that soils starting conditions do matter for subsequent soil investment decisions and soil fertility trajectories. Together, the model and empirical investigation bring nuance to the previous discussion on state-conditioned soil investment, and help to resolve seemingly inconsistent empirical findings in the literature.     

浅谈发展我国节约型园林的技术途径及管理对策

针对我国资源短缺的现状及城市园林存在的问题,阐述了节约型园林的概念及发展节约型园林的现实意义,并提出了节约土壤资源、节约水资源、节约能源、合理选择植物种类、废弃物的再利用等八条实施节约型园林的技术途径,以期为我国发展节约型园林提供一定的指导和帮助。