我国货币中性问题实证分析

运用合理预期下的货币中性假设模型对我国货币中性问题进行了实证分析,认为不论是预期的货币供给冲击,还是非预期的货币供给冲击,对产出的影响基本上都是显著的。因此,货币供给在推动我国的经济运行中起着关键性的作用,而且利用预期的货币政策调控经济运行得到了实证经验的支持。     

中国货币供应量、价格水平和产出关系的实证研究

本文运用向量自回归模型(VAR)对1978—2009年中国货币供应量、产出和价格三者之间变动关系进行了实证研究。首先用Johansen协整检验发现在三个层次的货币供应量当中,仅M1与价格及产出之间存在协整关系,而M0和M2均不存在。以此为基础文章构建了三变量误差修正模型VEC(3),并运用Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应函数讨论了货币供给冲击对价格和产出影响关系。研究结果表明:从长期来看中国狭义货币供给(M1)具有显著中性的特征,而在短期内货币供给冲击将导致产出和价格同向变动,但是产出变动对货币供给冲击更为敏感。     

风险态度能够影响货币政策效果吗?——理性预期框架下的中国经验

货币是否中性,货币发行与通货膨胀的关系,是货币经济学最为本质的两个问题,对其不同理解构成宏观经济学在货币领域的不同流派。本文沿着理性预期学派的思路,在一个考虑实际供给冲击和货币发行冲击的随机封闭环境里,讨论具备理性预期的参与人如何对这些冲击做出最优反应,总体又如何将这些反应加总,从而得出货币发行与人均产出、通货膨胀率之间的函数关系及其解析解。理论模型的结论是,理性预期并非一定导致货币中性,经济体中参与人的风险厌恶程度、效用函数都和货币是否中性高度相关。作为模型的验证,本文运用中国1996至2013年间季度数据,在经典的生产函数基础上结合模型导出的总体方程,采用联立方程组GMM估计方法,在状态空间模型下检验了时变参数的趋势和相关性,实证结果支持了理论推断:第一,消费者风险厌恶程度与货币政策的实际产出效应负相关,即风险厌恶越高,货币中性越强;第二,通胀与产出的相关性如模型所得,亦正亦负,受货币政策冲击的方差影响。     

预期到的与未预期到的货币供给冲击及其宏观影响

本文尝试建立一个包含预期到的与未预期到的货币供给冲击的动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,通过贝叶斯技术估计模型,并基于估计后的模型考察了预期到的与未预期到的货币供给冲击对产出和通货膨胀波动的影响。结论表明:预期到的与未预期到的货币供给冲击对通货膨胀波动有显著影响,二者均可以解释28%以上的通货膨胀波动,但对产出波动的影响偏小。因此,央行政策选择上可以积极运用数量型货币政策工具调控通胀,同时应注重提高货币政策的透明度,合理引导公众预期,增强货币政策的有效性。     

中国货币供应量的产出、通货膨胀效应实证分析

采用中国1978～2008年的年度数据,运用VAR模型实证分析中国货币供应量政策对总产出和通货膨胀的效应。主要进行了脉冲反应分析和方差分解分析,并结合中国货币供应量政策的特点,得出以下结论:(1)中国货币政策在短期内对产出有影响,在长期是中性的;(2)货币供应量无论在长期还是短期内都对物价具有系统性影响;(3)中国货币政策有效,但效果有限;(4)中国货币供应量受到物价和产出变动一定的影响,即货币供给具有一定内生性。     

汇率和非预期货币供给对经济增长的影响——基于2007—2010年跨国季度数据的实证检验

本文选取10个国家2007—2010年季度数据为样本,在采用状态空间模型测算各国非预期货币供给的基础上,运用面板模型实证检验了汇率和非预期货币供给对经济增长的影响。结果表明:国际金融危机期间,发达国家汇率变动对经济增长的影响不显著;发展中国家汇率变动对经济增长的影响较为显著,其中货币升值对经济增长先产生扩张效应,后产生紧缩效应。从长期看,汇率变动对样本国经济增长的影响是中性的。同时,发达国家非预期货币供给增加对经济增长有微弱的负向影响,而发展中国家非预期货币供给增加将有助于经济增长。基于实证检验的结果,本文还提出了对策性建议。     

出口退税、最优货币供给及居民福利——基于新开放宏观经济学视角

将出口退税政策变量引入新开放宏观经济学的基本理论模型,分析了未预期到的出口退税冲击和货币供给冲击对消费、产出、汇率等一系列经济变量的影响,并进一步研究了出口退税政策、最优货币供给规模及居民福利的内在关系。研究表明,在相同的货币冲击条件下,出口退税政策提高了世界福利水平;在给定的福利增长目标下,出口退税政策降低了各国的货币供给扩张动机,减少了最优货币供给规模。     

我国宏观经济波动中的随机冲击效应:经验事实与理论解读

本文首先利用一个施加长期约束的SVAR框架,考察了供给、需求与货币冲击对我国产出、通货膨胀影响的经验事实。结果显示,需求冲击对产出和通货膨胀均存在较大影响力,供给冲击偏重于影响产出,货币冲击则偏重于通货膨胀。随后,基于动态随机一般均衡理论框架,引入技术、偏好等七种典型的外生随机冲击,详细刻画随机冲击对我国宏观经济的影响机制,其脉冲模拟结果与SVAR经验事实基本一致。DSGE方差分解进一步显示,在多数年份,供给需求冲击与财政政策冲击能够解释大部分产出波动,供需、财政货币政策等随机冲击对通货膨胀波动的解释比例较为均衡。近期,受经济转型以及政策转向的影响,以消费、投资为代表的需求冲击构成我国当前宏观经济波动的最主要因素。     

从货币非中性探究中国货币政策的有效性

货币是非中性的，货币供给的变动最终不仅能影响名义价格与名义工资等名义变量，而且对实际产出等实际变量有影响。从货币非中性探究中国货币政策的有效性，建立中国货币政策有效性理论模型并进行实证分析表明，中国的货币政策促进了经济发展，但其有效性未完全发挥。     

货币冲击的动态效果

基于一个发展了的允许货币冲击存在短期真实效应的货币数量论框架,以及以此为基础的结构性向量自回归模型(SVAR)来考察货币冲击对我国一般价格水平和实际产出的动态效果的理论和经验分析结果表明,货币冲击在长期内是中性的,但对短期产出水平具有真实效应。不过,与实际冲击的作用比较起来,货币冲击对于解释我国实际变量的波动并不重要;然而,货币冲击能够解释一般价格水平变化的实质性部分。数量历史分析还显示,货币冲击能够很好地解释我国一般价格水平变化的时间轨迹以及历史上发生的通货膨胀和通货紧缩。     

总需求和总供给冲击对我国失业和产出动态关系的影响分析

在我国的失业产出关系中,短期内,总供给冲击是产出波动的主要来源,总需求冲击则是失业波动的主要来源,总需求冲击和总供给冲击共同破坏了产出失业之间反向变化关系,但是总需求冲击的破坏作用更多一些。在长期,总需求冲击对产出没有影响,总供给冲击对产出有显著的正的影响,总需求冲击在长期对失业没有影响,但总供给冲击在长期会对失业产生不利影响,即正的供给冲击的累积影响所带来的产出增加在长期使我国的失业率上升。     

Economic Uncertainty,Monetary Uncertainty,and the Demand for Money: Evidence From Asian Countries

In 1984 Nobel Lauriat Milton Friedman claimed that the decline in velocity of money or an increase in the demand for money was due to volatility of money supply. Another study argued that if monetary volatility could impact the demand for money, so can output volatility (as a measure of economic uncertainty). Both measures of uncertainty can cause people to reallocate their assets between cash and real assets that are less risky. If public become more cautious about the future, they will hold more cash today. However, if they chose to hedge against uncertain prices, they may hold more real assets and less cash. These two hypotheses are tested for Asian countries using bounds testing approach. While both measures are found to have short‐run significant effects on the demand for money in almost all countries, the short‐run effects last into the long run in half of the countries. Furthermore, we find positive and negative effects of both measures which are in line with previous research related to a few developed countries.     

货币流通速度和产出变动的动态一般均衡分析

结构冲击如何影响我国货币流通速度和产出变动的动态一般均衡分析结果表明：货币、制度冲击使货币流通速度和产出基本上同向变动。短期内，技术冲击使货币流通速度下降，表明我国狭义货币具有奢侈品特征。就货币流通速度的变动而言，制度和货币冲击具有持久的正向效应，制度冲击最重要，货币冲击次之，技术冲击不重要，没有长期影响。就产出的变动而言，货币冲击产生了持久的“Tobin效应”，制度、技术冲击具有显著、持久的正向效应。制度冲击最重要，技术冲击次之，货币冲击不重要。     

Is there Causal Relationship between Money Supply Growth and Inflation in China? Evidence from Quantity Theory of Money

This study examines the causal relationship between Chinese money supply growth and inflation, using the bootstrap Granger full‐sample causality test and sub‐sample rolling‐window estimation test to determine whether such a relationship in China supports the quantity theory of money. The result indicates that there is a unidirectional relationship from inflation to money supply growth. However, considering structural changes in two series, we find that short‐run relationships using full‐sample data are unstable, which suggests that full‐sample causality tests cannot be relied upon. Then, we use a time‐varying rolling‐window approach to revisit the dynamic causal relationship, and the results show that money supply growth has both positive and negative impacts on inflation in several sub‐periods, and in turn, inflation has the same effects on money supply growth for China. These findings are basically consistent with the modern quantity theory of money from the perspective of money supply and price level. When money supply growth does not outweigh output growth, inflation should not be curbed only by decreasing money supply. It notes that a stable money supply growth is critical to price level stability and economic development in China.     

Shocking the eurozone

In this paper, the monetary transmission mechanism within the European Monetary Union is investigated. The impulse response functions and forecast error variance decompositions of a structural vector error correction model (SVECM) are compared with those of a New Keynesian theoretical model. The identifying restrictions of the SVECM are directly derived from the theoretical model. Two permanent shocks are identified, one having only nominal, and one having only real effects. The three transitory shocks comprise a short-term interest-rate shock, an aggregate demand shock and a money demand shock. The main conclusions are that permanently reducing the inflation objective depresses output in the first year, but has no real effects in the long run. Regarding output variability, the results indicate that aggregate demand shocks are most important during the first year, after which aggregate supply shocks dominate.     

股票价格、实体经济与货币政策研究——基于我国1997-2011年的经验证据

本文运用格兰杰因果关系检验和向量自回归方法分析了1997年1月至2011年6月我国股票价格、GDP、通货膨胀率和货币政策的关系,实证结果表明,在中国,股票价格对通货膨胀的效应为正向,即股市上涨能带动通货膨胀水平的上涨。股票市场对GDP的影响短期内主要表现为替代效应,长期来看,则是财富效应和投资效应占主导;同时,货币供应量和利率对股票价格均有影响,但影响均不显著。通过格兰杰因果关系检验发现,利率变动导致货币供应量和股票价格发生变化。而货币供应量的变化影响着通货膨胀,也一定程度影响利率和股票价格。通过广义脉冲响应发现,中国人民银行紧缩性的利率政策并不能抑制股票价格上涨。增加货币供给短期内能够推动股市上涨,但长期对股市仍没有效果。     

The asymmetric effects of monetary shocks: the case of Turkey

This paper examines whether there is an asymmetry in the effects of positive versus negative and small versus big money supply shocks, and whether the effects of the shocks on output and prices vary over the business cycles in the case of Turkey. Negative shocks to money are found to have greater output and smaller price effects compared to the effects of positive shocks, irrespective of the initial state of the economy. It is also found that monetary shocks of different size affect output growth and inflation rates proportionately. These findings can be interpreted as evidence for the view that the short run aggragate supply curve is convex in such a country like Turkey.     

Why are the effects of money-supply shocks asymmetric? Convex aggregate supply or “pushing on a string”?

This paper examines whether the asymmetric effect of money on output is an international phenomenon and investigates the reasons for this asymmetry. Annual data from the 1950–1990 period for a panel of 38 countries strongly support asymmetry internationally: negative money-supply shocks are shown to have a stronger effect on output than positive shocks (whose effect is often statistically insignificant). Next, the paper distinguishes between two types of theories that are consistent with the observed output effects: the convex aggregate supply and the “pushing on a string” views, that predict that money shocks have different asymmetric effects on prices. Somewhat surprisingly, however, the effects of money on prices are shown to be symmetric. This finding is consistent with both theories being operative.     

Does money have a role in the inflation process? Evidence from Australia

Inflation, defined as a sustained increase in the price level, is considered a monetary phenomenon, as it can be explained within the framework of money‐demand and money‐supply relationships. In the extant literature, money growth is shown to remain causally related to inflation across countries and over time, irrespective of the exchange rate regime and stability of the money‐demand function. Nevertheless, emerging literature suggests a diminishing role of money in the conduct of monetary policy for price stability, especially under inflation targeting. Monetary policy in Australia under inflation targeting since 1993 is an example of policy that denies a relationship between money growth and inflation. The proposition that money does not matter insofar as inflation is concerned seems odd in both theory and the best‐practice monetary policy for price stability. This paper uses annual data for the period 1970–2017 and quarterly data for the period 1970Q1–2015Q1. It deploys both the Johansen cointegration approach and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach to investigate for Australia whether money, real output, prices and the exchange rate (non‐stationary variables) maintain the long‐run price‐level relationship that the classical monetary theory suggests in the presence of such stationary variables as the domestic and foreign interest rates. As expected, the empirical findings for Australia are consistent with the classical long‐run price‐level relationship between money, real output, prices and the exchange rate. The error‐correction model of inflation confirms the presence of a cointegral relationship among these variables; it also provides strong evidence of a short‐run causal relationship between money supply growth and inflation. On the basis of a priori theoretical predictions and empirical findings, the paper draws the conclusion that the monetary aggregate and its growth rate matter insofar as inflation is concerned, irrespective of the strategy of monetary policy for price stability.