生态旅游资源价值评价理论的研究趋势——以旅行费用法为中心

文章在回顾旅行费用模型理论发展过程的同时,通过对国内外关于地区旅行费用模型及个人旅行费用模型研究内容及研究动向的对比,指出了目前国内在旅行费用模型研究中存在的问题。通过分析可以看出,目前国内在地区旅行费用模型的研究中存在对模型核心问题研究不足的问题,同时在个人旅行费用模型的研究中对计数资料模型的研究不足,与主流研究存在一定差距。     

用旅行费用区间分析法评估神农架自然保护区游憩价值

根据2455份游客调查问卷的统计结果,文章应用改进的分区旅行费用法——旅行费用区间分析估算神农架地区的年游憩价值为43亿元,在计算旅行时间成本过程中,根据对旅游意愿、消费行为和社会属性参数之间相关关系分析和判断,提出应以可直接感知的、与旅行时间相伴变化大的消费项替代以工资率计算时间成本的观点,对改进分区旅行费用法以及评估神农架生物多样性使用价值有一定理论价值和实践意义。     

历史文化古城游憩利用价值评估--以凤凰古城为例

在界定历史文化古城游憩利用价值的基础上,以凤凰古城实地调研数据为依据,利用旅行费用法(TCM)对其游憩利用价值进行评估。结果显示,2003年凤凰古城的游憩利用价值为90 428.82万元,其中旅行费用55 069.50万元、消费者剩余12 396.75万元、旅行时间价值5 699.58万元和其它费用17 262.72万元。     

旅行费用法在北方森林动物园资源价值评估中的应用

运用旅行费用法对环境及自然资源进行评价在在中国尚处于起步阶段,运用此方法对区域经济发展以及政策制定提供参考还有很长的发展历程。在国外旅行费用法是相对成熟的游憩价值评价方法。文章在对哈尔滨北方森林动物园游客进行问卷调查以及森林动物园近年来的统计资料基础上对其资源价值进行分析,以期评价这种没有市场价格的自然景观及资源的价值,并希望对旅行费用法的应用进行深入探讨。     

广义费用及其在公路网络分配中的应用

广义费用及其在公路网络分配中的应用杨兆升，王川久一、简介广义费用的概念的提出是基于网络规划中对于道路服务水平的一切属性的综合评价的需要。服务水平的属性一般有距离、旅行时间、流量速度关系以及其它费用（如燃料、收费）等等。其中最重要的属性是旅行时间，在国...     

茅荆坝自然保护区森林游憩资源价值评估

以茅荆坝自然保护区为研究对象,利用SPSS软件对影响游客数量的相关因子进行了回归分析。结果表明：旅行费用是影响游客数量的最重要因子。通过旅行费用法（TCM）计算出茅荆坝自然保护区2010年上半年森林游憩资源利用价值总和为197194万元,其结果可为茅荆坝自然保护区的经营管理及开发建设提供参考依据。     

基于改进的TCM（旅行费用法）方法评价武汉市东湖风景名胜区游憩价值

本文以旅游市场发展相对成熟的东湖风景名胜区作为研究对象,通过问卷设计与抽样调查,利用旅行费用法（TCM）的改进方法——分区旅行费用法（TCIA）对武汉市东湖风景名胜区进行游憩价值评估,此结果对于丰富我国的环境价值评估理论研究和应用实践具有重要意义。同时,研究结果也可作为东湖旅游资源管理提供重要依据。     

环境质量变化对游客福利的影响——基于旅行费用和条件行为联合数据

环境质量是影响游客旅游需求及福利的重要因素,但单一使用陈述性偏好法或揭示性偏好法仍存在诸多局限性。为探究环境质量改变对游客需求及福利变化的具体影响,结合旅行费用与条件行为数据,在明确现有环境质量状况下景区价值基础上,评估环境质量改善与恶化两种情景下,游客消费者剩余的变化。结果表明,环境质量改变直接影响旅行次数,从而增加或减少消费者剩余,但不会通过影响游客旅行费用间接改变消费者剩余,实际行为与条件行为数据偏好存在一致性;白洋淀景区当前消费者剩余为909.09元/次;环境质量改善使游客平均旅行次数增加1.45次/年,并使每位游客每年的消费者剩余增加1 318.18元;环境质量恶化使游客平均旅行次数降低1.41次/年,并使每位游客每年的消费者剩余减少1 281.81元。     

旅行费用法─—国外最流行的森林游憩价值评估方法

本文综合国内外森林游憩价值评估的最新成果，介绍了旅行费用法（ＴＣＭ）的经济学基础、内涵、主要优缺点和具体计算实例。     

基于旅游费用法的长沙洋湖湿地公园游憩价值评估

城市湿地公园是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,具有极高的生态、社会和景观价值。文章在城市湿地公园迅速增长、相关理论研究数量有限的情况下,选取游憩价值评估最为成熟的旅行费用法作为评估方法、长沙市最大的城市湿地公园——洋湖湿地公园作为研究对象,通过运用问卷调查、实地访谈等方法对其游憩价值进行了评估,得出结论如下：公园目前游客实际旅行费用为4411.983万元,而其总游憩利用价值为81 578.473万元,相比之下,公园应有的游憩利用价值尚未得到充分发挥,存在很大程度的资源闲置,开发潜力巨大。     

A science-driven market-based instrument for determining the cost of environmental services: A comparison of two catchments in Australia

An auction-based approach (or MBI for “market-based instrument”) was used to purchase environmental services from landowners and to establish a long-term economic resource (forest plantations) in two catchments in the state of Victoria (Australia). The policy goal of the MBI was to encourage the conversion of cleared land to forest plantations. It was desired to achieve this while also reducing the amount of land affected by dryland salinity with minimum impact on water available for irrigation. Operationally, interested landowners identified areas on which they would be willing to establish forest plantations, and stated the amount of money they would require from the government to undertake plantation establishment; this constituted a landowner bid. The proposed planting area associated with each bid was processed through a quantitative hydrological model to estimate off-site impacts on dryland salinity and the change in water yield resulting from the conversion of individual non-forested areas to forest plantations. Landowner bids were then accepted or not based on the economic trade-offs among dollars requested by a landowner, reduction in water yield, and decrease in dryland salinity. To enable a comparison of costs, the MBI was independently trialled in two catchments. For both, the cost to government of a hectare of plantation and/or a hectare of salinity benefit was calculated a number of ways. Assuming the existence of a calibrated hydrological model, costs associated with distributing money via such an MBI were publicity, fieldwork, processing the bids through the model, probity, legal, and administration. In the Gippsland catchment, the total cost to establish forest plantations was $5340 per ha whereas it was $1635 per ha in the Corangamite catchment. No salinity benefit was obtained in Gippsland, but in Corangamite, if considered in isolation of the economic forest plantation benefit, the cost per hectare of salinity benefit was $5020.Operational aspects of the MBI are presented and discussed and a comparison is made to the expected costs of a conventional, non-science driven approach to landowner incentives.     

The non-linear impact of oil price on the oil demand

ABSTRACT

A panel smooth transition regression model was adopted to analyse the non-linear impact of oil prices on oil demand. Data for 42 countries was obtained from the International Energy Agency for the time period spanning from January 1990 to June 2017. The results indicate that a threshold value does exist. Furthermore, when the oil price was lower than this threshold value, a positive relationship between oil price and oil demand was observed. When the price of oil was higher than the threshold value, however, a negative relationship between price and demand was found.     

Price Competition Between Teams

This study uses an experimental approach to examine whether markets are sensitive to the internal incentive structure of the competitors. Toward this goal, we modeled the competitors in a price competition duopoly game as three-player teams. Each player simultaneously declares a bid (price) and the team whose total bid was lower won the competition and was paid accordingly. The losing team was paid nothing, and in case of a tie, each team was paid half its price. This duopoly game was studied under two conditions; a cooperative treatment in which the team's profit was divided equally amongst its members and a non-cooperative one in which each individual member was paid her own bid. Whereas the Nash equilibrium is for each player in either treatment to demand the minimal price possible, we predicted that convergence to the competitive price would be much faster in the cooperative treatment than in the non-cooperative one. The experimental results firmly confirmed this prediction.     

Assessing information provision and respondent involvement effects on preferences

We develop a test of the effect of information and respondent involvement on preferences for passive-use values using three treatments. Individuals from a rural community participated in one of three groups, each with a different level of involvement in the valuation assessment. The first group was highly involved, attending three meetings which allowed for information acquisition and preference construction. The second group was involved in a single meeting, and the third group was minimally involved through telephone contact and the completion of a mail administered survey. The hypothesis examined was that the degree of involvement in the exercise would affect the magnitude and consistency of preferences across the groups. The hypothesis that the preferences differ was not accepted. Furthermore, the hypothesis that variances in preferences would be higher in less involved groups was also rejected. While the analysis is based on relatively small samples the findings suggest caution in claiming that increasing degrees of respondent involvement improve economic measures of trade-offs.     

旅游地生态安全评价模型及实证研究——基于生态足迹模型的分析

根据生态足迹模型,构建了旅游地生态安全评价的指标体系和方法,并以人均旅游生态足迹和人均旅游用地承载力的比值I来确定旅游地生态安全的状况。以开封市为研究区域,采用以上指标体系,对2005年开封市旅游生态安全状况进行了评价。研究结果表明:2005年开封市人均生态旅游足迹为0.02361hm2,其中交通足迹最大,占到88.9%;其次是餐饮,为7.72%。人均旅游用地承载力为0.04180hm2,生态安全度为0.56,处于一种一般状态或者说较为安全的状态。通过计算也发现开封市旅游生态安全度在增大,说明旅游活动对生态系统的压力越来越大,因此,关注旅游生态问题应当成为旅游可持续发展的一个关键问题。最后对模型的应用前景和问题进行了讨论。     

“Social vs. Military Spending”—A Rejoinder

The transition process in Russia and Eastern Europe was dominated in the literature and in policy making by the shock therapy process. However, shock therapy was short-lived. Governments that implemented shock therapy were not able to sustain the reform program since they lost power after the first term as a result of unfavourable electoral results. The new governments implemented gradualism. While after the first term shock therapy governments were substituted by gradualists, a government in favour of shock therapy never substitute any gradualist governments. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that shock therapy was inconsistent with a democratic process of decision-making. Actually shock therapy was only consistent with a pluralistic political structure in the tradition of Hayek, Buchanan and Friedman. Foreign aid was inadequate to ensure the continuation of the shock therapy reforms within a democratic environment.     

Technology assessment: Impact of high-tech engineering research on energy consumption

A technology assessment (TA) program was launched in Switzerland in 1991. One project in the series of pilot projects was meant to assess the impact of so-called LESIT technologies on energy consumption. (LESIT was a priority research program and a German acronym for power electronics, systems and information technology.) In this paper the institutional environment, applied methods and main results of the TA study are summarised. One of the questions that arose was whether it is reasonable to expect a high-tech engineering research program to serve any societal goals other than the more immediate technical and economic goals the research partners in university and industry are accustomed to follow. It was found that without special efforts this expectation was not realistic. Politically desirable goals are best served when enough emphasis, time, and money are given to the process of bringing together research partners from academia and industry who all have a (self-serving) interest in furthering the politically desirable goal and then support their collaboration.     

Thailand after 1997

The years following 1997 divide themselves into three roughly equal periods. The first was the painful period of deleveraging from the excesses of the bubble before the crisis, from which the economy emerged with more dependence on exports. The second period covered the government under Thaksin Shinawatra, who faced a mostly favorable external environment, and was therefore able to pursue many populist policies. Eventually, he was brought down by the military. The brief military government was followed by a number of short‐lived governments, the last one of which was left to tackle the consequences of the global financial crisis, which led to a very deep downturn but a quick recovery.     

小城镇环境保护指标体系与生态环境保护规划

由于我国小城镇规划在环境保护方面的局限性使其在发展过程中引发了一系列环境问题。本文在我国小城镇环境现状分析的基础上,指出了小城镇环境保护规划的主要内容,构建了小城镇环境保护指标体系建设的框架,并根据大气、水体、固体废物和声环境发展目标提出了小城镇环境保护的对策。     

Open access,common property and scarcity rent in fisheries

Open access resources are frequently not managed efficiently, resulting in falling stock levels and a declining income for fishermen. In the late 1970's, the policy response to this problem was the implementation of 200-mile fishing zones, which enabled the European Union to formulate and implement the Common Fisheries Policy, aimed at (among other things) conservation and distribution of available stocks. In Germany, this shift from an open access regime towards a common property regime had favourable outcomes. The trend of falling prices was reversed. The conclusion was that intertemporal efficiency had increased as a result of (inter)governmental policy. Apparently, a wedge was formed between price and marginal harvesting costs, implying that scarcity rent had returned as a component of prices.