论大学生就业适应性的提升——区域性就业系列研究之三

当前,大学生的就业问题引起了社会各界的高度重视,大学生就业适应性的高低已经成为影响大学生就业的一个重要因素。为此,如何提升大学生的就业适应性,为大学生就业创造更多的就业机会,这是摆在我们面前的严峻问题。为了提升大学生的就业适应性,我们必须从学生、高校、企业和政府等四个层面来加以落实,主要措施包括：一是学生要转变就业观念,确立大学生正确的就业观;二是高校要加快教育教学改革,提高大学生的就业竞争力;三是企业要提供稳定的实习基地,提高大学生的实践能力;四是政府要强化管理职能,切实提高大学生就业能力。     

Distributing Student Places in Australian Higher Education

Higher education systems need policies for distributing student places between higher education providers, courses and students. In supply‐driven systems, government and university decisions dominate. In demand‐driven systems, student choices play a larger role. Over the last 35 years Australia has moved from a supply‐driven to a largely demand‐driven university system and then partly back again. When students pay their own costs, both major political parties have supported market distribution of student places for decades. But for subsidised student places there is policy instability, due to fluctuating priorities for containing public expenditure and responding to demographic and labour market changes.     

A Student Learning Inventory for Economics Based on the Students' Experience of Learning: A Preliminary Study

The authors present the initial development of a student learning inventory (SLI) that is specific to economics. This approach, which is based on the student experience of learning (SEL) literature, emphasizes aspects of prior knowledge in the learning history of entering first-year students. Preliminary insights from a first SLI suggest that on entry to university, students show considerable variation in their perceptions of what economics is and what economists do. From the SEL perspective, such variation affects student learning. It is argued that continued development of an economic-specific SLI may result in a better understanding of students' learning engagement with economics and ultimately assist instructors in better understanding student learning difficulties and increase student success in first-year economics.     

论民办高校大学生公德的缺失与养成

民办高校大学生的公德教育应尽旱抓起，长抓不懈。大学生的公德教育不是小事，“千里之堤，溃于蚁穴”，我们应该从大学生进校园那天起，就培养他们的公德意识和公德观念，让大学生把“诚实守信、勤俭节约、爱护公物、团结友善、遵纪守法”作为自己最高的行为准则，养成良好的公德，成为即掌握了科学知识和技能，又有良好公德的高素质人才。     

The negative effect of NCAA football bowl bans on university enrolment and applications

Universities provide consumption amenities to students in addition to their educational services. Collegiate sports programs have been characterized as one of these consumption amenities. Previous research has shown that athletic success has a positive impact on both the quantity and quality of students attending a university. Alternatively, we analyse if athletic malfeasance, as measured by NCAA postseason bans of football programs, negatively affects either the quantity or quality of student applications or enrolment. Our findings suggest that athletic malfeasance that results in a postseason football bowl ban lowers the quantity of applications, admittances and enrolment to a university. In addition, we find that universities respond to decreased application numbers by increasing their admission rates, while students who are admitted to the school enrol at the same rate as before the ban. Thus, the reduced enrolment is the result of a smaller applicant pool and not the result of a lower rate of enrolment. Lastly, we do not detect any reduction in student quality at the sanctioned university. Our results demonstrate that impropriety by an athletics program directly impacts a university’s non-athlete student enrolment by influencing the amenity mix provided by the university.     

TRACING THE EFFECTS OF GUARANTEED ADMISSION THROUGH THE COLLEGE PROCESS: EVIDENCE FROM A POLICY DISCONTINUITY IN THE TEXAS 10% PLAN

The Texas 10% law states that students who graduated among the top 10% of their high school class are guaranteed admission to public universities in Texas. We estimate the causal effects of this admissions guarantee on a sequence of connected decisions: students' application behavior, admission decisions by the university, students' enrollment choices conditional on admission; as well as the resulting college achievement. We identify these effects by comparing students just above and just below the top 10% rank cut off. We assume that other student characteristics and incentives are continuous at this cut off. We find that students react to incentives created by the admissions guarantee—for example, by reducing applications to competing private universities. The effects of the admissions guarantee depend on the university and the type of students it attracts. The 10% law is binding and alters the decisions of the admissions committees. We find little evidence that the law increases diversity or leads to meaningful mismatch for the marginal student admitted. (JEL I23, I28)     

Determinants of international university rankings scores

This article analyses the relationship between a university’s score in international university rankings, its expenditure per student and other factors such as university mission, size and productive inefficiency. We develop an economic model of rankings and universities and estimate this model with data on universities classified in the top 200 by the Times Higher Education Supplement ranking of 2007. We find that the elasticity of a university’s ranking score for the expenditure per student is between 4% and 9%, and that there are no clear signs of inefficiency in production among the top 200 universities. University mission and size are also significant predictors of ranking score. These results are especially interesting given the relevance attributed to rankings by government officials, university directors and students.     

Encouraging Tutorial Attendance at University Did Not Improve Performance

When tertiary education is subsidised the cost of poor student performance in university subjects falls not only on the individual student but also on society in general. Society therefore has an interest in promoting student performance. There is evidence in the literature that absenteeism from university classes is widespread and that absenteeism adversely affects student performance. In this paper I describe an incentive scheme that increased attendance of business and economics students in an introductory statistics subject at a typical Australian university. Like other authors I find a strong positive association between attendance and academic performance, both in the presence and absence of the scheme. However, there is no evidence that the incentive scheme caused student performance to improve. Although students attended more classes they did not perform better than students in the previous year's class who had the same observable characteristics and attendance levels but who were not exposed to the scheme.     

大学毕业生求职心理调查及对策——以新疆财经学院为例

就业和求职是不再继续深造的大学毕业生的首要选择，它关系到毕业生的切身利益和未来发展。在当今就业形势异常严峻的背景下，实现充分就业是每个大学生的迫切需要，也是每所高校的一项重要教育目标。本文对大学生毕业的求职择业心理倾向、就业心理准备、职业定向教育及就业指导进行调研分析，并提出建议。     

The satisfaction of university students in Spain: differences by field of study

This article analyses the factors associated with student satisfaction in a sample of undergraduate students from the University of Zaragoza (Spain). In addition to considering socio-demographic characteristics, we also examine factors related to expectations and motivations. Using data from a survey carried out during the academic year 2011/12, we show that the level of satisfaction of the students varies according to their field of study, finding that students in Engineering and Science are comparatively less satisfied than those in other disciplines. Also, expectations about whether having a university degree will be enough to obtain a job are associated with their level of satisfaction. Moreover, alcohol consumption is positively associated with their level of satisfaction. Analysing the correlates of student satisfaction is important to understand student retention and persistence.     

Quality of higher education and earnings: evidence from Finland using field-of-study-level quality measures

Using administrative data from Finland, this paper empirically examines the relationship between university graduates’ early career earnings and three measures of university quality: the number of teachers per student, the number of publications per researcher and the number of applicants per admitted student. A distinction to previous studies is made by paying special attention to field-of-study heterogeneity: the quality measures are allowed to vary by a student’s field, while the heterogeneity of earnings and individuals across fields is accounted for in the analysis. For the most part, the results indicate that the relationship between institution quality and earnings is rather weak; however, certain significant quality effects are also found. In particular, the teachers/student ratio is found to be positively associated with the earnings of women and graduates from the humanities. Overall, the results indicate considerable heterogeneity in quality effects across genders and fields.     

DOES TEACHER QUALITY AFFECT STUDENT PERFORMANCE? EVIDENCE FROM AN ITALIAN UNIVERSITY

In this paper, we analyse whether the characteristics of university teaching staff matter with regard to students' performance and interest in the discipline. We use data on about 1000 students enrolled on the first-level degree course in business and economics at a medium-sized Italian university. Thanks to the random assignment of students to different teaching classes during their first year, we are able to analyse the effect that teachers with different characteristics, in terms of experience and research productivity, produce both on students' performance, measured in terms of the grades obtained at subsequent examinations, and on courses chosen. Our results suggest that teacher quality has statistically significant effects on students' grades in subsequent courses. These effects are also robust after controlling for unobserved individual characteristics. On the other hand, we find less clear evidence when relating teacher quality to student involvement with a subject. It emerges that research productivity does not produce a statistically significant effect on the probability of a student undertaking additional courses in a subject, while more experienced teachers have a negative impact. However, also this effect does not become statistically significant when we run separate regressions for different disciplines.     

Teachers and politics

I find that self-selection into teacher training programs in Germany is co-determined with ideology. Incoming teacher-trainees are more left-wing in ideology and political preferences than the average incoming university student. I find also that teacher training programs exert a socialization effect: as compared to the average student, teacher trainees’ views are reinforced and they become more left-wing as they progress in their studies. In a third step, I use the German Socio-Economic Panel to compare tenured teachers’ political attitudes with other university graduates and other civil servants, and find that tenured teachers are more left-wing than the average in the respective reference groups. I consider possible explanations for the left-wing orientation of teachers in the German educational system and implications of indoctrination and imbalance of views.     

论瑜伽运动与高校校园体育文化关系

文章运用文献资料等研究方法,结合社会学、文化学等有关知识,分析了瑜伽运动蕴涵于高校校园体育文化,又独立于高校校园体育文化,两者之间具有交互影响的动态关联关系,对两者的互动关系进行分析。探讨了高校是瑜伽运动与校园体育文化耦合的内部关系,社会是瑜伽运动与校园体育文化耦合的外部关系,学生是瑜伽运动与校园体育文化耦合的内化关系。     

用科学发展观指导高校网络思想政治教育工作

用科学发展观指导大学生网络思想政治教育工作,就是要牢固树立以学生为本的网络思想政治教育工作理念,贯彻落实全面、协调、可持续发展的要求,不断改进高校网络思想政治教育工作方法,以解决思想问题与实际问题相结合,拓展新形势下高校网络思想政治教育的新途径。     

知识—评价树学习法

＂知识—评价树＂学习法是基于近几十年来发展起来的安全系统工程学的重要思想,结合大、中学生的思维特点和政治学科的特点而提出的一种学习方法。实践证明,它是一种有效帮助学生学习并进行学习评价的方法,具有直观、形象、灵活、多用、科学等特点。长期使用这种方法,可以减少学生学习的盲目性和混乱性,激发学生学习的主动性,提高学生的思维素质。     

STUDENT OUTCOMES AT UNIVERSITY IN AUSTRALIA: A QUANTILE REGRESSION APPROACH*

Students’ success during their first year at university is largely influenced by their university entrance score. Personal characteristics and secondary school characteristics also impact on success. This paper uses quantile regression to investigate how the effects of these factors vary along the grade distribution. It finds that the factors which influence grades have a more pronounced impact on the success of low‐achieving students than on that of high‐achieving students. These results have implications for student selection and also for the way scholarships may be used to attract talented high school students.     

HIGH SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS' INITIAL COLLEGES AND MAJORS

We use statewide administrative data from Missouri to examine the explanatory power of high schools over student sorting to colleges and majors at 4‐year public universities. We develop a “preparation and persistence index” (PPI) for each university‐by‐major cell in the Missouri system that captures dimensions of selectivity and rigor and allows for a detailed investigation of sorting. Our analysis shows that students' high schools predict the quality of the initial university, as measured by PPI, conditional on their own academic preparation, and that students from lower–socioeconomic status high schools systematically enroll at lower‐PPI universities. However, high schools offer little explanatory power over major placements within universities. (JEL I2, J1)     

贫困大学生的心理健康与培养教育研究

自从1995年中国高校招生并轨制度开始实行,高校收费持续攀高,除极少数专业外,全部是自费上学。由于中国区域经济发展不平衡等原因,部分农村或城市的贫困家庭经济压力沉重,没有能力负担大学生的高额学费,这就形成了中国高校特有的贫困大学生群体。在高等教育迅速发展的过程中,贫困生现象日益突出,并呈逐年迅速上升趋势。由于中国大学生心理健康问题受到了高校的普遍重视,通过对贫困大学生的心理健康状况进行调查分析,对他们的心理现状、心理问题的成因进行调查研究,为解决高校贫困生心理问题提出基本对策。     

新疆少数民族青少年网络生活调查研究

本文从中学生、大学生网络生活与习惯等方面对新疆少数民族青少年网络生活状况进行了调查和测试。结果表明,少数民族青少年也是现代网络发展的最大受惠群体之一,网络对少数民族青少年的休闲、娱乐、交友、学习以及思维方式、人生观等方面产生了深远的影响。为促进、引导少数民族青少年健康成长,要充分认识网络的特点,努力探索网络时代青少年教育的新途径。