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1.
The early transition period witnessed the rapid growth of Albanian SMEs despite the fact that the country was subjected to several severe shocks, especially those associated with the collapse of the pyramid schemes and the war in Kosovo. The growth of small enterprises in agriculture, trade, services, and construction, with microenterprises constituting the bulk of SMEs, has been the engine of growth and contributed to the long term recovery of Albanian economy. However, the growth of SMEs has been hampered by a variety of barriers erected, directly or indirectly, by the state. Fiscal constraints particularly high rate of taxes and contributions, financial constraints and the institutional environment have been some of the major barriers they have had to surmount. These barriers have encouraged many firms to conduct some or all of their activities in the informal sector of the economy. The survey of fifty SMEs established since 1992 highlights the difficulties faced by these enterprises in the environment of early transition. The econometric evidence confirms the role of financial barriers to SME growth, especially when they are combined with the poor institutional environment. The results show that the government has to embark on SME policies designed to disseminate the information on support programmes widely, and to speed up the reform of the financial system, legal framework and law enforcement.  相似文献   

2.
高慧 《时代经贸》2006,4(12):6-8
宏观税负率是衡量一个国家宏观税负水平高低的一个重要指标,本文结合我国实际情况,充分考虑收收收入及非税收入的共同作用,对我国从1994年以来不断上升的宏观税负水平加以分析。文章以宏观税负的内部构成为出发点,通过回归模型总结出宏观税负上升的内部原因,用以找到进行合理税制调整的方向。  相似文献   

3.
略论单一税视野中的新一轮税制改革   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
马蔡琛 《经济问题》2007,(10):114-116
"单一税" 的税制设计模式,体现了拓展税基、降低税率、简化征管的中性税收思想.在我国税制改革中引入单一税的理念,符合社会分工演进中的税制调整趋势,有助于免除经济性重复征税.我国连续多年的预算超收,也具备了启动单一税改革的财力基础.在改革路径上,需要结合现实国情,逐步调整主体税种结构,实行长期性的低税政策.  相似文献   

4.
取消农业税后的农民税收负担究竟怎样?从税收价格这一视角出发,对传统的税收负担理论提出了质疑并对税收负担进行了新的解释;对"税收价格"这一理论进行了说明,同时提出了基于税收价格视角的税收负担测量指标;对取消农业税之后的农民税收负担进行了测量,得出的结论是,税收价格视角下农民依然承担比较重的税收负担.  相似文献   

5.
本文认为,结构性减税就是要在税收总规模不变甚至适当增加的前提下,削减一些特定纳税人或特定税收项目的税负,其中最主要的是要削减中低收入者缴纳或负担的税收;在减税的方案上,主要是降低对人民衣食住行课征的增值税和营业税并全面推开“营改增”,适时调减企业所得税税率,并在工薪个人所得税制度中加进个性化的费用扣除标准。上述降税的收入损失可以通过提高消费税和个人所得税最高税率的办法加以弥补。  相似文献   

6.
    
The most recent, significant tax reform review in Australia, popularly known as the Henry Review, was publicly released just over six years ago. This article provides a critical examination of Australia's experience in tax complexity management since the Henry Review. Two main observations are put forward. First, not surprisingly, very few of the Henry Review's recommendations related to tax simplification have been implemented. The Henry Review has achieved relatively more with respect to personal income taxation than business income taxation. Second, tax complexity in Australia has been increasing since the Henry Review from both the legal and economic perspectives. An attempt is then made to explain why it is so hard to simplify the tax system in Australia and elsewhere.  相似文献   

7.
非正式制度是制度构成中的重要因素,它不仅对宏观总体经济的稳定起着重要的作用,而且对微观个体经济的发展也发挥着重要的影响。改革开放以来,民族地区的非正式制度发生了巨大的变迁,这种变迁直接改变了民族地区家庭经济的增长效率。  相似文献   

8.
免除农业税意味着农户分散、有限的现金净流入,但为了较大规模的融资,必须把它们集合起来.而农村融资活动中非正规金融已占很大比重.通过一个博弈模型,对免除农业税后农户收入增量对非正规金融的影响进行了分析,发现免税后所激发的边际投资行为将发生在有密切私人关系的狭小区域内;并得出在不同条件下,对农村非正规金融所产生的作用.  相似文献   

9.
近年来,美国福布斯杂志推出了"税收痛苦指数"排名。该方法在税前扣除费用、税制结构、税率结构方面存在严重理论错误,分析了这些错误,并从宏观税负与"税收痛苦"的关系、专款专用税的权益性等方面驳斥了我国税负高的观点,最后就我国税收宣传方式与方法、财税体制完善等方面提出一些建议。  相似文献   

10.
国际税收竞争是经济全球化发展的产物,是各国以税收为载体、以促进本国经济增长为目的的竞争,其实质是经济竞争。在此,基于国际税收竞争视角,重点对中国税制的国际竞争力进行评析,分析表明中国税制具有一定的国际竞争力,但诸多方面仍有待完善。在此基础上,借鉴国际经验建立具有竞争性的中国税制,确定合理的宏观税负水平,同时还需加强"税收文化"的建设,建立国际税收协调机制,以应对日益激烈的国际税收竞争。  相似文献   

11.
统一中国城乡税制的几点构想   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在现代经济社会中,严重畸形的二元城乡形态已经成为中国现代化进程中一大突出障碍。随着市场经济步伐和中国城市化的加快,城乡经济融合,客观上要求统一城乡税制,统一税收征管,使农民享有与城镇居民同等的税收待遇,这也是改革城乡二元经济格局,解决“三农”问题的基本前提。因此,中国应当取消农业税,统—城乡税制,统一税收征管,规范农村税收征管方式。  相似文献   

12.
持续经济增长目标下的最优税负和税收结构调整   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
在经济持续增长目标下,通过识别宏观税负与经济增长的计量关系,我国最优宏观税负应为16.47%。这低于实际宏观税负水平,需要进行较大幅度的减税。根据税收影响经济增长的渠道,通过核算行业TFP,促进长期增长条件下的税收结构调整需要重点降低营业税。  相似文献   

13.
当前我国税收负担结构失衡现象比较突出:在中观层面表现为税收负担的税种结构失衡、产业结构失衡、地区结构失衡;在微观层面表现为不同类型企业的税收负担失衡、各收入阶层居民的税收负担失衡。结构性减税与税收负担结构具有内在关联性:实施结构性减税是基于税负结构失衡的现实所作出的理性政策选择;同时,结构性减税的基本特征也使其具有调整税负结构的功能。今后,结构性减税应将税收负担结构合理化作为政策目标,通过全面推进\"营改增\"改革、实行综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制、稳步推进房产税改革等一揽子政策措施,积极调整税收负担结构,使其更加公平合理。  相似文献   

14.
    
Adding to the body of research on cross-country determinants of the informal economy, this article studies how unemployment differences across gender drive the propensities to work in the informal sector. Results, accounting for possible simultaneity between unemployment and the shadow economy, show that unemployed males, rather than unemployed females, were more likely to operate underground. These findings about greater male propensities are generally robust to alternative considerations.  相似文献   

15.
循环经济是一种关注资源减量,实现资源循环及再利用的生态经济。当前,我国经济增长要求与有限的资源和环境支持能力都要求大力发展循环经济。在此过程中,政府的税收政策和优惠支持是相当重要的。本文以此为基点,按照循环经济的内在要求,分析了国内循环经济发展中税制上存在的问题,并在借鉴国外先进经验基础上,提出了构建我国绿色税收体系的思路和对策。  相似文献   

16.
西方发达国家财政体制的启示   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
西方主要发达国家财政体制经过长期的实践,已经十分成熟,它对中国财政体制改革具有很好的借鉴作用。中国要进一步进行财政体制改革,应借鉴世界上市场经济国家财政体制的实践结合本国当前的实际,建立“二元合一、城乡一体、事权明确、合理分权、体系完善、协调发展”的新型财政体制。  相似文献   

17.
政企分配关系视角下企业税收负担的国际比较与启示   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
政府参与企业收入分配的主要形式是税收,企业利润税收负担率是反映这种分配关系的重要指标。近几年来,世界各国的企业利润税收负担率总体呈现下降态势,不同类型国家呈现经济越发达,企业利润税收负担率越低的总体特征,但不同收入水平国家之间差异较大,企业适用的最高边际税率对企业利润负担率的影响显著。从国际比较来看,中国企业利润税收负担率一直偏高,需要理顺政府与企业分配关系,实行实质性减税政策。  相似文献   

18.
    
This article estimates, for the Spanish personal income tax, the elasticity of reported gross income to marginal tax rates. The identification of this elasticity has been performed using the reform approved by Law 35/2006, which came into force in January 2007. The elasticities obtained suggest the existence of important efficiency costs, with significant regional differences. The average elasticity estimated for Spain as a whole is 0.676. However, this elasticity is highly dispersed throughout the Spanish administrative regions, which indicates the unequal power of distortion of the tax. Thus, households whose principal source of income is salary display an elasticity of 0.337, compared to 0.682 for households whose main income source comes from business or savings. Lastly, a positive correlation is also detected between elasticity and income level: an elasticity of 3.6 is reached for taxpayers with an annual gross income exceeding 100 000€.  相似文献   

19.
金融系统复杂性的度量是金融系统复杂性形式化的内在要求,也是金融系统复杂性理论研究的基本问题之一。根据系统基本参量的构成,可以将金融系统的复杂性划分为:结构复杂性、环境复杂性、功能复杂性和动态复杂性四个层面。金融系统结构复杂性与系统组元之间的关系相关,环境复杂性与自然环境的突变、经济环境的波动、制度环境的变化相关,功能复杂性涉及到系统功能发挥的不确定性与系统功能实现的复杂性两个方面的因素,动态复杂性关注金融活动的复杂性与金融系统演化的不确定性。对于结构复杂性,可将组元之间关系划分为依赖关系和分解关系,并借鉴信息熵的概念进行度量;对于后三个层面的复杂性,可以通过各度量指标的分级赋值,构建它们的度量指数。金融系统复杂性划分为四个层面分别进行度量研究,可以解决系统整体复杂性度量的困难,构造出金融系统总体复杂性度量模型。  相似文献   

20.
This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the elasticity of reported income to assess tax reforms from the perspectives of tax revenue and well-being. Employing different identification strategies, evidence is provided of the value of the elasticity of gross reported income in Spain and, based on this elasticity, a detailed assessment is made of the impact of the increase in marginal tax rates which the Spanish government approved in 2012. We use microdata from the Taxpayers Panel of the Institute for Fiscal Studies. The mean value of this elasticity for Spain is 0,363 with considerable heterogeneity depending on taxpayers’ characteristics.  相似文献   

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