西方民营化改革的实质

西方民营化改革的实质主要表现为政府部门和私营部门、第三部门之间的角色重新调整和职能重新定位,是政府部门在一些“劣势”领域的有计划撤退,私营部门和第三部门组织在这些领域开始起着主要作用。根据政府部门、私营部门、第三部门以及消费者在民营化过程中的作用,可以将西方民营化改革措施大致上归纳为以下几类:     

国外民营化的逆向发展对中国的启示

民营化的逆向发展已成为国外民营化的新取向。西方国家公共服务由公共提供到民营化,再到收回民营化服务的动态发展过程向我们展示了当代西方国家市场化改革的完整图景,深刻反映了当代西方政府与市场关系的规律性运动,预示了公共服务民营化改革试验的发展趋势和未来走向。西方国家市场化改革从民营化到逆民营化的发展深刻表明,盲目推崇和盲目否定民营化都不是对待市场化改革的科学态度。客观把握市场化改革的发展规律,借鉴世界其他国家的成功经验,以辩证的态度看待和处理近年来我国市场化改革过程中出现的各种问题,才能有效推动我国公共服务改革的发展。     

经济民营化:趋势与路径辨析

社会主义市场经济下，经济民营化是必然趋势，但我们不能以搞私有化来实现民营化，我国正在走股份化的路径，重要的是企业产权真正实现多元化。     

国有中小企业改革的误区和发展对策

国有中小企业改革并非单纯的“放开”或者出售和民营化，必须走出单纯民营化的误区，立足国情特点，在政企分开的基础上循序渐进，实施短、中、长期对策的紧密配合，促进国有中小企业的稳步改革和顺利发展．     

经济转型与国企改革——不同转型战略下俄东私有化对我国国企民营化的启示

我国30年的由计划向市场经济转型的渐进模式以及取得的成绩，已经得到世界普遍认可。但国企改革的绩效却不能说是改革成就中的亮点。当国企改革走向产权改革的时候，尤其是走到当前民营化阶段，借鉴外国产权改革失败的教训，对我国国企改制有着不可忽视的意义。在不同转型战略下，我国国企改革必须分情况地推行民营化，强化民营化过程中的国有资产监管体制，做到该过程的去“官员化”和“洋资化”，关键还是要放缓民营化进程。     

国有商业银行民营化探析

国有商业银行改革关系到中国金融业改革的成败，本文通过对现行国有商业银行产权制度的剖析，论证了中国国有商业银行民营化的必然性，国有银行民营化的实质是将原来由政府掌握的剩余收益权转移给商业银行经营的实际控制者，而政府则转变成契约预定收益的索取者，从而实现银行业的市场化改革。而引入民营资本进入国有银行是国有银行民营化的重要思路，股份化是国有银行民营化的具体实现途径。     

我国水务产业市场准入问题研究

随着公用事业改革和城市化进程的推进,国内外民营资本进入供水和污水处理产业的期望越来越大。如何根据水务产业的特点和我国水务产业的实际状况,借鉴国外引入竞争机制的经验,寻求我国水务产业引入竞争机制和民营化的途径,是当前推进水务产业改革和发展的关键。从水务产业市场准入的角度探讨我国水务产业引入竞争机制和民营化途径,对我国水务产业市场准入改革具有重要意义。     

欧洲国家国企民营化、后控制与政府特权及启示

一、问题的提出欧洲从20世纪80年代初期开始进行大规模的国企民营化改革。在这近30年的历史中,推动民营化进程的政府始终面临着两大难题:一是如何有序而平稳地卖出庞大的国有股;二是当政府成为小股东、甚至政府已不持有股份,如何保证民营化后的企     

公用事业产业民营化制度创新:内容、动力和难点

理论和实践表明公用事业民营化改革主要目标是在产业内引入适度的竞争,通过民营资本进入,增加公用事业的投入,提升产业内经营企业的经营效率,改善产业的分配效率.针对我国公用事业产业管理体制的弊端,民营化改革需要在产权制度、市场重组制度和公用事业监管制度三个方面的创新.体制创新的动力是政府职能转换和机构改革,改革的难点是破除我国公用事业的行政性垄断.     

关于加快国有中小企业民营化进程若干问题的理论思考

本文所讲的民营是指政府所有权和控制权之外的所企业，目前国有中小企业的“民营化”改革，是推动企业从“官营”变为“民营”，是使政府对企业的控制权和所有权逐步转移到非国有的或非政府的经济实体的以和所有权的过程，一是政府产权从国有中小企业中退出，由民营企业的产权主体取而代之；二是解放思想，更新观念，加大政府产权置换的力度；三是中国的改革是政论主导型的改革，政府的主动性是目前国有中小企业民营化进程的主要推动     

西方国家行政改革实践及发展模式探究

西方国家的行政改革实践始于20世纪70年代末,改革基本上围绕着私有化、缩减政府规模、削减公共开支、转变政府职能等目标展开,所采取的具体措施也基本以绩效控制、私有化、政府再造和公共服务市场化等手段为主。结合西方国家行政改革的实践经验和未来发展模式,可将西方行政改革的模式归纳为四种:市场式政府模式、参与式政府模式、弹性化政府模式和解制型政府模式。     

日本邮政民营化改革解析及启示

日本邮政民营化改革的基本背景是邮政公社在日本邮政事务中居绝对垄断的地位,这样的业务结构有诸多弊端。邮政民营化改革是小泉政府实现其"小政府、大经济"施政纲领的具体体现。尽管邮政民营化改革议案最初遭到了部分国民、在野党和执政党的反对,但小泉所采取的"问信于民"的策略使邮政民营化改革议案最终获得了通过。日本邮政民营化改革对中国邮政体制改革的启示是:放宽市场准入,引入竞争机制;重视体制改革中的利益集团问题;重视"问信于民"的改革策略。     

A history of resistance to privatization in Russia

We investigate the connection between privatization in post-communist Russia and a mass privatization reform in Imperial Russia, the 1906 Stolypin land reform. Specifically, we relate historical measures of conflicts associated with the Stolypin reform to contemporary views on whether the privatization of the 1990s should be revised. These historical measures could influence contemporary views in two ways: first, differences in privatization-related conflicts in the past could have directly altered attitudes towards privatization in the 1990s and, second, these differences could merely reflect pre-determined dissimilarities in preferences. We first show that historical measures of resistance to privatization are associated with views that favor state ownership. One standard deviation increase in the historical resistance to privatization explains a quarter of the negative sentiment toward private property today. We also find that negative experiences with the Stolypin reform are associated with views on the procedural unfairness of modern privatization reforms, suggesting that pre-determined preferences cannot fully explain the weight of history.     

The sequencing of reform in transition economies

In this paper, we examine the consequences of sequencing on the progress of reforms in transition economies. The paper uses panel logit models to determine whether or not progress in some reforms enhances the prospects for other reforms. We find that progress on small-scale privatization is associated with advances in several other reforms, perhaps because small-scale privatization creates lobbies for reform. Our estimations suggest that a comprehensive program of small-scale privatization is needed to stimulate large-scale privatization, trade, and banking reform in a country that has undertaken little reform. Moreover, if restructuring is to occur banking reform is necessary. We also find that relaxing the fiscal constraint stimulates large-scale privatization, restructuring, and trade reform. Finally, we find that negotiations about EU accession negotiations advance the transition but only in banking reform and competition policy. Journal of Comparative Economics 33 (4) (2005) 835–850.     

城市公用事业民营化中的腐败与削减

城市公用事业民营化虽然作为中国城市公用事业改革的趋势方向,同任何改革一样,也存在着负面效应,民营化中的腐败就是其主要负面效应之一.与民营化相关的腐败主要包括两个方面,即民营化中的国有资产流失与民营化后的寻租.本文分析了城市公用事业民营化中的腐败、形式、成因,并结合模型从预防角度上提出了治理对策.     

Wy are the transition paths in China and Eastern Europe different?

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework linking communist regime collapse and privatizing economic reforms. The framework permits us to explain why certain communist regimes lost their monopoly of political power while others have not. We show that the essential difference between those communist regimes which survived economic reform and those which did not, lies in the nature of the privatization reform introduced by the communist leadership. The privatization that we call ‘Market‐Leninist’, was implemented in China and Vietnam while the second type of privatization, termed ‘Embezzlement for a rainy day’ was the type of privatization implemented in Eastern Europe. We show, in the context of a game between rulers and the population, that the size of the repressive apparatus is the key element determining the type of privatization chosen by the rulers. JEL classification: P2, P3.     

供水服务民营化改革的经济分析

在世界范围内的民营化浪潮中，长期作为公用事业的供水服务也出现民营化趋势，并在很多国家取得成功实践。产权、竞争和规制的共同作用才能保证供水服务民营化改革取得良好绩效。为解决中国供水部门的低效和融资瓶颈，也必须加快供水服务的民营化进程。     

Does Autonomy Matter in State Owned Enterprises? Evidence from Performance Contracts in India

Empirical evidence on the effect of managerial autonomy on the performance of state‐owned enterprises (SOE) is surprisingly scant despite autonomy being a preferred reform instrument over partial privatization in many countries. Using longitudinal data on performance contracts of state‐owned enterprises in India, this paper finds that managerial autonomy is associated with significant increases in enterprise profitability and efficiency. Further, using India's unique reform experience where both managerial autonomy and partial privatization were pursued side by side, the paper finds that while the positive effects of autonomy continue post‐partial privatization, the effects of partial privatization on performance are ambiguous. Specifically, once autonomy is controlled for, partial privatization has a positive effect on SOE profitability only after it crosses a critical level of government disinvestment. The findings suggest that organizational reforms such as granting managerial autonomy can be an important policy instrument in improving SOE performance particularly in cases where governments are unable to make substantial disinvestments.     

Bureaucracies in the Russian Voucher Privatization

The paper analyses the implementation of voucher privatization in Russia in the framework of incentive theory. The central government needs the support of local privatization agencies. These agencies possess private knowledge concerning: a) their personal reform attitude; b) local privatization conditions. According to the trade-off between rent extraction and efficiency, the speed of privatization (the efficiency goal) is constrained by the informational rents that the government must pay to local agents. Through voucher privatization, the government learns about local privatization conditions. Surprisingly, this additional information does not necessarily lead to more privatization. In fact, the government may even slow down reforms in order to save on bureaucrats' rents. This result of the model matches with the facts of Russian privatization in the period 1992–93.     

城市公用事业民营化改革的复杂性研究

我国城市公用事业民营化改革处于初始阶段且有加速推行的迹象,但改革的微观模式尚没有厘清。从理论上看,城市公用事业民营化在技术不变的情况下,无论禀赋是否增加,均非帕累托改善。从实际上看,城市公用事业民营化也会产生诸多的政策困境,且有两难的特点,其中包括民营化与固定回报;价格调整与普遍服务;特许经营中的垄断与竞争;市场准入门槛的高与低等一系列操作性难题。加之,民营化易引发的腐败和失业等负面效应。因此,必须建立符合我国国情的城市公用事业民营化改革模式。