国有企业党组织治理与企业债务违约

近年来，我国企业债务违约数量和规模呈迅速上升趋势。党组织治理作为我国国有企业最具特色的治理机制是否有助于降低企业债务违约风险呢?本文选择2007—2020年沪深A股国有上市企业的13513个样本，研究国有企业党组织治理对于企业债务违约概率的影响，实证结果表明：第一，党组织治理可以显著降低国有企业债务违约概率。第二，机制上，党组织治理通过缓解管理层的谋私行为和抑制控股股东利益攫取行为的路径，降低了企业债务违约风险。第三，进一步分析表明，当企业代理问题越严重、债务水平越高、企业业绩越差或者国企级别较低时，党组织治理降低国有企业债务违约风险的效果会越显著。第四，经济效果上，债务违约使得企业价值显著降低，而党组织治理可以在一定程度上缓解债务违约对企业价值的负面作用。     

地方政府经济竞争下的企业负担*——来自上市公司的经验证据

本文基于分权体制下政企之间的两阶段动态博弈模型以及在此基础上构建的计量模型，将地级市之间经济竞争程度与A股非金融类上市公司数据相匹配，验证了地方政府经济竞争程度与企业实际税负之间的关系。研究结果表明，当地方政府所面临的经济竞争程度越激烈时，其辖区内上市公司的实际税负越低。进一步分析发现，地方政府经济竞争对辖区企业的减税效应存在显著的地区、产业和所有制异质性；分位数回归发现，辖区企业处于不同税负强度时，地方政府经济竞争的减税效应也存在明显差异。在当前减税降费、让利于企的新时代背景下，本文的研究对落实减税降费政策和规范横向竞争中地方政府行为具有启示意义。     

基于迭代组合拍卖的排污权交易影响因素研究

构建了初始排污权迭代组合拍卖模型,并结合EWA模型探究了排污企业的个体属性和学习行为以及拍卖竞争程度对排污权分配结果的影响。仿真结果表明:当参与竞拍企业的数量较多时政府可获得较高收益,当参与竞拍企业的数量较少时企业可获得较高收益;排污企业在竞拍中随拍卖环境调整报价策略越积极,其收益越高;排污企业的报价策略选择越依赖其学习行为,其收益越高。     

税率变动与资本结构调整——基于2007年新企业所得税法实施的研究

本文以我国2007年企业所得税改革为背景,研究了税率变动对资本结构的影响及资本结构的调整方式。研究发现:(1)税率提高的企业提高了财务杠杆,税率下降的企业降低了财务杠杆。同时,资本结构的变动对税率上升更为敏感;(2)税率提高企业和税率降低企业调整财务杠杆的方式并不相同,税率提高的企业主要通过增加流动负债提高了债务水平,而税率下降的企业主要通过增加未分配利润降低了债务水平。这个结果表明,由于管理层对损失和收益的敏感程度不同和对企业规模的偏好使得企业资本结构对不同方向的税率变动敏感程度不同,调整的方式也有所不同,从而深化和拓展了税收与资本结构理论,对认识税率调整下企业的财务行为具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

控制性大股东支持路径的选择——一个基于财务困境条件下的分析框架

文章从控制性大股东追求当期和未来效用最大化出发,建立金字塔控股结构下控制性大股东对财务困境企业支持路径的选择模型。通过模型分析,得到控制性大股东对财务困境企业支持路径选择的临界支持规模,并根据该规模对控制性大股东的支持路径选择提供决策依据。     

财务状况、债务重组与公司绩效——基于债务重组“输血”抑或“造血”的实证分析

本文以2007—2011年发生债务重组的上市公司为样本,通过考察财务状况对债务重组规模的影响,以及债务重组规模对公司绩效的影响来为债务重组的"输血"抑或"造血"功能提供经验证据。在考虑内生性问题的基础上研究发现,重组前的资产负债率与债务重组规模显著正相关,重组前流动比率与债务重组规模显著负相关,说明偿债能力越低,债务重组规模越大。重组前的资产周转率与债务重组规模显著正相关,说明资产利用效率越高,债务重组规模越大。重组前的财务状况对债务重组规模的影响说明债权人在进行债务重组时不仅关注公司的偿债能力,还关注其持续经营能力。债务重组规模不仅能够显著提高重组当年公司的财务绩效,还能够显著提高重组后一年的短期财务绩效和重组后三年的长期财务绩效。这说明成功的债务重组不仅具有"输血"功能,还有"造血"功能。     

债务重组对公司财务影响——以ST宝硕公司为例

近年来,随着我国对外开放程度的不断加深,上市公司的规模逐渐扩大,对我国的经济发展起到了强大的推动作用,然而部分上市公司资产负债率高、债务结构不合理等,已成为制约我国上市公司发展的一个重要因素。越来越多陷入财务困境的上市公司通过债务重组来减轻债务,扭亏为盈。本文以ST宝硕公司债务重组为例,分析其债务的成因以及债务重组对企业的财务影响,并揭示其对债务人、债权人以及监管机构的意义,以期对其他过渡负债的债务困难企业一些借鉴和启发。     

中国高质量发展测度与地方政府行为研究

基于地方政府行为的视角，选取中国2008—2017年省级面板数据，考察地方竞争、债务绩效及高质量发展的关系。研究发现，地方债务竞相扩张，且呈现显著的边际效用递减特征；建立空间计量模型，实证研究地方竞争对债务绩效和规模的效应，发现地方政府税收和投资竞争因“棘轮效应”和“挤出效应”均推动了债务规模的快速攀升，对经济发展质量产生负面效应；行为动机作用下，地方政府发债规模对经济发展质量呈显著的非线性特征；空间准自然实验分析结果表明，预算约束硬化在限制地方政府债务的扩张冲动方面起到了一定的作用，从而降低了地区财政风险。本文的研究结论将对新时期地方政府债务治理、规范地方政府行为、推动高质量发展提供政策参考。     

财务保守现象剖析

"财务保守"是财务研究的热点之一,但一直没有得到令人信服的解释.本文基于ZZ杠杆模型和现实数据推知,公司实际财务杠杆水平与理论最优标准之间没有明显差距,公司总体上不存在财务保守问题;债务担保和对外投资以及高增长都会进一步造成公司最优债务比率的降低.另外,合理利用债务对公司价值增值的贡献有限,而过多利用债务却会造成公司价值的大幅下降,且调整资本结构还要花费成本,这样,低杠杆就成为没有决策模型情况下的最佳选择.     

债务融资结构与产品市场竞争决策研究

资本结构的产品市场竞争理论认为,在特定竞争模型下债务融资结构能够反映企业的产品市场竞争策略,并认为短期债务增加加剧了产品市场竞争,长期债务缓和产品市场竞争。进一步的实证分析得到短期债务融资与产品市场竞争程度是显著负相关的,长期债务融资与产品市场竞争程度是显著正相关的,能够支持产品市场竞争理论。同时,数据分析发现,企业规模小、资产利用效率高和收益好也是促使企业采取激进竞争手段的影响因素。     

Predicting restaurant financial distress using decision tree and AdaBoosted decision tree models

The restaurant industry has been facing tough challenges because of the recent economic turmoil. Although different industries face different levels of competition and therefore the likelihood of financial distress can differ for firms in different industries, scant attention has been paid to predicting restaurant financial distress. The primary objective of this paper is to examine the key financial distress factors for publicly traded U.S. restaurants for the period from 1988 to 2010 using decision trees (DT) and AdaBoosted decision trees. The AdaBoosted DT model for the entire dataset revealed that financially distressed restaurants relied more heavily on debt; and showed lower rates of increase of assets, lower net profit margins, and lower current ratios than non-distressed restaurants. A larger proportion of debt in the capital structure ruined restaurants' financial structure and the inability to pay their drastically increased debt exposed restaurants to financial distress. Additionally, a lack of capital efficiency increased the possibility of financial distress. We recommend the use of the AdaBoosted DT model as an early warning system for restaurant distress prediction because the AdaBoosted DT model demonstrated the best prediction performance with the smallest error in overall and type I error rates. The results of two subset models for full-service and limited-service restaurants indicated that the segments had slightly different financial risk factors.     

Firms' financial choices and thin capitalization rules under corporate tax competition

Thin capitalization rules have become an important element in the corporate tax systems of developed countries. This paper sets up a model where national and multinational firms choose tax-efficient financial structures and countries compete for multinational firms through statutory tax rates and thin capitalization rules that limit the tax-deductibility of internal debt flows. In a symmetric tax competition equilibrium, each country chooses inefficiently low tax rates and inefficiently lax thin capitalization rules. We show that a coordinated tightening of thin capitalization rules benefits both countries, even though it intensifies competition via tax rates. When countries differ in size, the smaller country not only chooses the lower tax rate but also the more lenient thin capitalization rule.     

Financial globalization and debt maturity in emerging economies

This paper studies how financial globalization affects debt structure in emerging economies. We find that by accessing international markets, firms increase their long-term debt and extend their debt maturity. In contrast, with financial liberalization, long-term debt decreases and the maturity structure shifts to the short term for the average firm. These effects are stronger in economies with less developed domestic financial systems. The evidence is consistent with financial integration having opposite effects on the firms that are able to integrate with world markets and obtain financing globally, relative to the firms that rely on domestic financing only.     

NONPARAMETRIC MODELS OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE DECISIONS

This paper applies nonparametric decision tree models to the analysis of financial leverage decisions. This approach presents three appealing features: (i) the relationship between leverage and explanatory variables is not predetermined but is derived from information provided by the data, (ii) the models respect the fractional nature of leverage ratios, and (iii) each covariate is allowed to influence in different ways the financial leverage decisions of firms automatically assigned to different groups. Based on a data set of Portuguese firms, decision trees are used to tackle both classification (the decision to issue debt) and regression (the decision on the amount of debt to be issued, conditional on using debt) problems. It is found that: (i) two‐part models are the most appropriate specification for explaining the overall amount of debt used by firms, (ii) there are no drastic differences between the results produced by tree and parametric models, although some divergences may arise, and (iii) tree models suggest relationships between covariates and leverage that parametric models fail to capture, especially when the sample size is small.     

Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: the Role of Financial Intermediation

This paper analyzes the impact of public debt on financial efficiency in an overlapping‐generations model. We argue that public debt may reduce intermediation costs by increasing the collateral of entrepreneurs. This effect is stronger, the stronger the non‐Ricardian component of public debt, i.e. the more it is associated with intergenerational redistribution. This effect can be interpreted as future generations acting as a guarantee for the loans provided to the entrepreneurs of the current generation. Furthermore, multiple growth paths may arise as low taxes increase private collateral, which in turn boosts growth via financial efficiency, while higher growth allows to maintain the same debt/GDP ratio with reduced taxes.     

Imperfect competition in financial markets and capital structure

We consider a model of corporate finance with imperfectly competitive financial intermediaries. Firms can finance projects either via debt or via equity. Because of asymmetric information about firms’ growth opportunities, equity financing involves a dilution cost. Nevertheless, equity emerges in equilibrium whenever financial intermediaries have sufficient market power. In the latter case, best firms issue debt while the less profitable firms are equity-financed. We also show that strategic interaction between oligopolistic intermediaries results in multiple equilibria. If one intermediary chooses to buy more debt, the price of debt decreases, so the best equity-issuing firms switch from equity to debt financing. This in turn decreases average quality of equity-financed pool, so other intermediaries also shift towards more debt.     

The Perverse Effect of Debt Tax Benefits on Firm Investment Decisions

In this paper we question the idea that the deduction of debt interest is always an effective policy instrument to spur firm investment. We analyse the investment decision in presence of a borrowing constraint on the amount of debt that the firm can raise. We show that if the debt interest rate is decreasing in the firm's capital accumulation and another financial resource more expensive than debt is available (at least for levels of debt lower than the upper bound), then the deduction of the debt interest from taxes on capital income may reduce firm investment. This theoretical result is relevant for economic policy decisions when financial intermediaries are not willing to finance beyond a certain threshold but firms have access to other sources of finance.     

Financial crises,debt overhang,and firm growth in transition economies

ABSTRACT

We examine the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 and the European debt crisis of 2011 on the relationship between capital structure, investments, and performance for Eastern European companies. While the existing literature documents how firms’ investments are sensitive to the availability of internal funds and to debt holdings, we further investigate whether this investment sensitivity also translates in different levels of performance, and document that capital structure indeed has both a direct and an indirect effect, mediated by the capital expenditure channel. We show that firms with higher financial flexibility experience higher investments and returns on capital. Over-levered firms instead suffer from a debt overhang condition, forcing them to curb investments, and consequently experiencing lower performance. Overall, we provide evidence on the importance of capital structure and financial flexibility on investments and performance, showing the real consequences of the debt overhang condition on firm value creation. Firms should therefore aim at maintaining adequate financial flexibility in order to be able to pursue future profitable investment opportunities, and avoid the under-investment problem arising from a debt overhang situation.     

Corporate financial soundness and its impact on firm performance: implications for corporate debt restructuring in Slovenia

This article studies the extent of corporate leverage and range of excessive debt of Slovenian firms during the recent financial crisis. Half of all firms (of those with some non-zero debt and at least one employee) are found to face an unsustainable debt-to-EBITDA leverage ratio beyond 4, accounting for almost 80% of total outstanding debt. Moreover, a good quarter of all firms experience debt-to-EBITDA ratios exceeding 10 and hold almost half of total aggregate net debt. We then examine how this financial distress affects firm performance in terms of productivity, employment, exports, investment and survival. We find that, while less important during the good times (pre-recession period), lack of firms’ financial soundness during the period of financial distress becomes a critical factor constraining firm performance. The extent of financial leverage and ability to service the outstanding debt are shown to inhibit firms’ productivity growth as well as the dynamics of exports, employment and investment. Micro and small firms are found to suffer relatively more than larger firms from high leverage in terms of export and employment performance during the recession period.     

The impact of cross‐ownership on the reaction of corporate investment and financing constraints: A panel threshold model

This paper studies whether or not investment decisions are financially constrained in a cross‐ownership system of Taiwan. Different from the financial structure in the USA, subsidiaries in Taiwan are allowed to buy stocks of the parent companies. Hence, the conventional debt‐to‐equity ratio is inappropriate to divide firms into high and low‐debt firms. Instead, a new threshold variable?–?the adjusted debt–equity ratio (ADE)?–?is employed to divide the sample into high‐debt firms and low‐debt firms. A panel of 115 Taiwan‐listed firms for the period 1991–1997 is used. Evidence supports the cash flow hypothesis and ADE has a notable significant influence on the financial constraints.