公共服务社会化——实现中国政府机构改革目标的重要途径

目前我国政府正在进行行政体制改革，这次机构改革的目标是要建立办事高效、运转协调、行为规范的行政管理体系，完善国家公务员制度，逐步建立适应社会主义市场经济体制的有中国特色的政府管理体制。实现这一改革目标面临许多困难，需要采取多种途径，笔者认为：借鉴西方政府改革的成功经验，引入公共服务社会化做法是解决我国政府现存问题，实现政府机构改革目标的有效途径。     

西方国家政府部门人力资源管理对中国的启示

我国的政府部门人力资源管理中存在着人力资源配置不够优化等一系列问题,如何结合国家公务员制度建设,引入人力资源管理的新观念、新模式,探讨其理论与实践,推动我国政府部门人事管理体制及模式的改革与完善,提高人事管理水平,就成为一项具有重大理论与实践意义的课题。作为社会管理主体的政府,其管理方式必须随之进行以市场化为取向的行政改革。西方国家。如英国、美国,其政府部门为适应经济变革进行了一系列行政改革,这些行政改革包括削减政府的规模、重塑政府的组织机构、开辟为公众服务的新途径等。但每次改革运动都是由文官制度的改革开始。尤其是在公职人员的招收、挑选、录用、培训等方面成效十分突出,而且正在成为一个世界范围内的潮流。     

借鉴国际经验 深化税制改革

我国经济体制改革的目标是要建立社会主义市场经济新体制。为了促进市场经济的健康发展,我国必须进一步深化税制改革。在这方面,借鉴西方国家适应市场经济需要,进行税制改革的经验,按照同世界各国税制接轨的要求实现我国税制的转轨,尤为重要。我认为,我国要建立适应市场经济发展和“复关”要求的新型税制,就应当参照世界税制改革的新趋向和成功经验,结合我国的实际情况,来进一步深化税制改革。     

提升企业标准化战略 促进经济科学发展

进入21世纪以来，西方经济发达国家为了适应经济全球化发展的需要、产业竞争的需要，适应经济法规改革的需要以及消费者价值观的需要，纷纷展开了标准化发展战略研究，制定本国标准化战略以及相关政策。标准作为经济发展的基础，已经成为国际贸易竞争的主要手段。国际标准化的大环境对我国标准化工作，尤其是企业标准化工作提出新的挑战，提升我国企业标准化发展战略，适应我国市场经济快速发展，应对经济全球化和国际标准化竞争，走出我国标准受制于人的困境，已是当务之急。     

中外政府审批制度比较研究

我国政府审批制度与西方政府审批制度有本质区别。西方国家的政府审批制度目的是弥补市场失灵 ;而我国的政府审批制度 ,其功能是保持政府在微观经济领域资源配置的权力。要改革我国的政府审批制 ,需要重塑政府机构、缩减政府规模、建立制约政府行为的力量     

试论援外与外贸互利合作相结合

在国际经济关系中,对外援助是政府间经济合作的主要形式之一;对外贸易、互利合作是民间经济合作的主要形式。西方国家将这三种合作形式在实践中紧密结合,相互促进,以适应当前竞争激烈的国际市场需要。我国对外提供援助的目的,一贯根据平等互利的原则,履行国际主义义务,帮助受援国逐步走上自力更生,经济上独立发展的道路。但对西方国家援外一些行之有效的管理方法和已经形成的国际惯例则应参考和借鉴。     

我国政府预算会计改革模式研究

政府预算和信息公开一直是社会关注的热点问题,而政府预算会计作为政府预算和财务信息的技术依托,在披露预算和公开政府财务信息方面起着关键性的作用。本文通过研究当前我国政府预算会计现状,分析其存在的问题,并通过学习借鉴西方国家经验,研究我国预算会计模式改革,建立完善的政府预算会计体系,增强政府透明度和社会公信力,以更好地适应政府社会职能转型的需要,并满足公众对阳光政府、透明政府的要求。     

新环境下我国政府会计存在问题与改革

随着经济一体化的进一步发展,我国政府机构改革和政府职能的转变,以及我国会计体制的进一步改革,我国政府会计体系已不能适应时代发展的要求,因此有必要进行全新的变革。本文从分析我国政府会计目前的现状入手,从我国政府会计的现状发现存在的问题,提出了笔者对于我国政府会计改革的一些措施。     

新环境下我国政府会计存在问题与改革

随着经济一体化的进一步发展,我国政府机构改革和政府职能的转变,以及我国会计体制的进一步改革,我国政府会计体系已不能适应时代发展的要求,因此有必要进行全新的变革.本文从分析我国政府会计目前的现状入手,从我国政府会计的现状发现存在的问题,提出了笔者对于我国政府会计改革的一些措施.     

简述西方政府规制改革对我国的启示

西方政府规制理论的变迁,使西方政府在实践上也进行了一系列改革.本文通过对西方国家自然垄断产业政府规制改革的措施与经验进行简单分析,指出我国应吸收和借鉴西方成熟的规制模式,结合我国实际.设计出适合我国国情的政府规制模型,对自然垄断产业进行有效率的政府规制改革.     

The Needham puzzle,the Weber question,and China's miracle: Long-term performance since the Sung dynasty

This paper attempts a brief overview of China's economic performance since the Sung dynasty. It discusses Chinese long economic stagnation since the Sung dynasty and explores the reasons why it was quickly lagging behind western countries from the 1800s. It explains why the industrialization and modernization led by Chinese government from 1949 to 1978 failed in narrowing the gap between China and the developed countries. It examines Chinese rapid economic growth during its reform and opening up period.     

Reforming the public administration: The role of crisis and the power of bureaucracy

The need to balance austerity with growth policies has put government efficiency high on the economic policy agenda in Europe. Administrative reforms that boost the internal efficiency of bureaucracy can alleviate the trade-off between consolidation and public service provision. Against such a backdrop, this paper constructs (and makes available) a novel reform indicator to explore the determinants of public administration reforms for a panel of EU countries. The findings support political-economic reasoning: An economic and fiscal crisis is a potent catalyst for reforms, but a powerful bureaucracy constrains the opportunities of a crisis to promote reform. Furthermore, there is some suggestive evidence for horizontal learning from other EU countries, and for vertical learning associated with a particular type of EU cohesion spending.     

Intellectual property protection related to technology in China

The state of protection for technology in China is widely criticized from the point of view of incompleteness of the legal system as a whole. Much research dwells on the gap between the Chinese legal system and that in industrialized countries or international agreements. In comparison with the developed countries, China lacks core technologies. While holders of such technologies encounter serious problems in China, the Chinese government is not in an enviable position either. Due to the internal impetus and external pressure on China to strengthen protection for technology, China has made a giant stride and made a substantial progress in legislation, enforcement and other areas. However, designing an appropriate system for technology protection is so complex that China will unavoidably face many challenges. The reforms to be carried out in China will be based on the balance between economic and political consideration.     

Are semi-presidential constitutions bad for democratic performance?

Many countries since 1990 have adopted semi-presidential constitutions, which are often considered to be problematic, primarily because of the potential for conflict between the assembly-supported government and the popularly elected president. Such conflicts are said to lead to unstable governments, policy paralysis and the eventual undermining of the democratic regime. Using data for all parliamentary and semi-presidential democracies between 1946 and 2006, we examine the effect of semi-presidential constitutions on the duration of prime ministers’ tenure in office, government accountability with respect to economic outcomes, and democratic survival. We also examine (for a smaller sample of post-communist countries) the impact of these constitutions on the progress of structural reforms. We find that the observed higher instability of prime ministers in semi-presidential democracies is more due to the electoral system than to the presence of a popularly elected president. We also find that semi-presidential constitutions have little impact on the government’s accountability to economic outcomes and on the survival of democratic regimes. Finally, we find that neither a weak president nor a weak government is optimal for the progress of economic reforms in post-communist countries. Regarding economic reforms, the optimal allocation of constitutional powers between the president and the government grants both significant powers.     

近代以来中西政府经济职能理念的演化:大历史角度的比较与启示

近代以来,关于政府经济职能理念的演进,中国与西方发达国家有各自的演化过程.西方在市场经济的基本原则下,政府干预与经济自由不时交替进行:从重商主义到自由放任主义再到政府干预的加强,最近又出现二者的融合趋势.而中国近代从一开始,就是一个被动和赶超的过程,尽管市场意识在某些时期出现松动,但政府一直占有主导地位.从西方的经验来看,我们应该坚持有限政府理念,同时又得发挥政府的催化作用.     

Pre-commitment Mechanism and Policy Credibility in African Trade Reform

In the absence of a binding pre-commitment mechanism, a government has an incentive to renege on announced policy. This is a well-established result in the literature. The paper applies this theory to tariff policy by developing a two-game model to analyze the credibility of government tariff reform announcements. The pre-commitment solution is subgame-imperfect; therefore, government's announcement of tariff reforms is time-inconsistent. Using a sample of African countries operating under IMF structural adjustment programs, the study finds only weak evidence that countries implemented their announced tariff reforms. However, SAP agreements seem to enhance private sector confidence in government reforms.     

CAN CHINA'S “MINI-BANG” SUCCEED?

Despite the phenomenal success of China's economic reform, the Chinese economy encounters a series of increasingly perilous problems, such as the recurrence of a "boon-and-bust" cycle, inflation, corruption, and regional disparity. This paper argues that the root of these problems is the discrepancy between the reforms in the macropolicy environment and the reforms in the micro-management institution and resource allocation system. In October 1993, the Chinese government introduced a reform package in a bid to make the macro-policy environment more consistent with the liberalized micro-management institution and resource allocation system. However, the traditional macro-policy environment was formed endogenously to facilitate implementing the "catching-up and forging-ahead" development strategy. Unless, the Chinese government abandons that strategy, it cannot complete the reforms in the macro-policy environment and it cannot uproot the problems appearing in the reform process.     

Reforms that keep you at home: The effects of economic transition on migration

Theory asserts that individuals’ migration decisions depend more on their expectations about future income levels than on their current income levels. We find that the implementation of market-oriented reforms in post-communist countries, by forming positive economic prospects, has reduced emigration as predicted by theory. Our estimates show that migration flows are highly responsive to reforms supporting private enterprises and financial services, which provide individuals with strong signals about their future prospects. We show that reforms that improve the management of infrastructure services have no link with migration patterns, which may be an important lesson for government policy.     

Window of Opportunity Opens: Asian and American Views of the International Economic Architecture

This paper compares US and Asian views of the international economic architecture including Asia's evolving regional institutions. Lessons from the global financial crisis are used to assess reforms of the financial institutions better to prevent and manage future crises. While G-20 leaders have increased the resources of the International Monetary Fund, much work remains to restore its legitimacy and independence and to define clearly the Financial Stability Board's mandate to strengthen financial oversight and regulation. The paper critiques proposals for a global super-regulator and concludes that while the global architecture is important, the tests of its success will be fewer government actions to self-insure and the willingness to heed warnings of future problems and take timely corrective actions.     

Globalization and financial development

This paper argues that globalization is a key factor in stimulating institutional reforms in developing countries that promote financial development and economic growth. Advanced countries can help in this process by supporting the opening of their markets to goods and services from emerging-market countries. By encouraging these countries to increase their participation in global markets, advanced countries can create exactly the right incentives for developing countries to implement the reforms that will enable them to have high economic growth.