创业过程的情景依存性分析

创业是创业主体与创业环境交互作用的动态过程。创业环境的资源依存理论与种群生态理论都认为环境是影响企业创业活动的重要因素,创业过程具有明显的环境嵌入特点。创业环境的要素模型和特征模型是分析创业过程的基础。研究表明,创业环境主要通过影响创业信息的检索、创业机会的识别、创业资源的攫取以及创业经营策略作用于整个创业过程。本文结论对地方政府营造良好的区域创业环境具有政策启示。     

Heterogeneity in entrepreneurship in developing countries: Risk,credit, and migration and the entrepreneurial propensity of youth and women

Promoting youth and female entrepreneurship is crucial to inclusive growth and the future economic and social prospects of developing countries. Evidence tends to suggest that young and female entrepreneurs are in a minority, and the extent and generating mechanisms of this outcome tend to be country‐specific. This collection of papers brings together recent empirical contributions exploring key drivers of this heterogeneity entrepreneurial propensity of youth and female in the context of a group of countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, paying special attention to the role of and issues relating to access to credit, attitudes to risk, and migratory status. A common thread in all the papers is the effective role of risk, uncertainty, and asymmetric information in the determination of entrepreneurship and in the demand for and allocation of credit when potential entrepreneurs are from specific groups, that is, women, indigenous women, women and youth in conflict and post‐conflict situations, and migrant youth. Based on these results, the papers explore various challenges in the implementation of public policies designed to promote entrepreneurship within these specific segments of the population.     

政府支持对高层次人才创业绩效影响机制研究

党的十九届五中全会明确，在“十四五”及2035年远景目标中将重点关注创新创业，促进国内国际双循环。其中，高层次人才创业是重要抓手。基于创业绩效理论、创业网络理论、自我效能感理论，以自我效能感为中介变量、创业网络关系强度为调节变量，构建政府支持影响高层次人才创业绩效的理论模型。数据样本来源于云南省高创园、省青年企业家协会、各地商会、历届青年创业省长奖获得者。研究结果表明，政府支持对高层次人才的创业生存、成功绩效均具有显著正向影响，自我效能感的知识内化能力和外向学习信念分别于创业初期、创业成长期在政府支持与高层次人才创业生存、成功绩效的关系中起到部分中介作用，强关系创业网络强度和弱关系创业网络强度分别在创业初期及成长期对政府支持与高层次人才创业生存、成功绩效间关系具有正向调节作用。     

基于ISM的大众创业影响因素层次结构研究

梳理了大众创业影响因素的相关研究文献,运用调查问卷和因子分析方法得出了山西省大众创业影响因子,并通过ISM方法构建了山西省大众创业影响因素的递阶结构模型,得到以下结论：政府政策与政府项目因子在大众创业进程中具有基础性作用;个人因子、市场条件因子与政府因子在大众创业过程中均发挥着重要作用;个人自身基础因子是引起大众创业活动的直接原因。从个人、市场、政府3个主体维度全面分析了影响全民创业的具体因素,以山西省为具体研究对象,揭示了大众创业影响因素间的作用机理并提出了相关建议。     

Toward a Political Economy of Markets

In the post-Washington Consensus era, increasing emphasis on private sector-led strategies for economic growth has contributed to the focus of policymakers on entrepreneurship. However, many programs designed to support entrepreneurship are based on an erroneous and biased image of the entrepreneur, with important consequences for development processes and outcomes. Longstanding ideology underlying the entrepreneur as a rugged individual hero shapes not only the masculinist notion of entrepreneurship in most societies, but also the narrow focus and structure of entrepreneurship programs. Microfinance, however, is generally conceptualized as being "different" from other programs, particularly given its informal sector reach and common group lending model. This paper investigates the extent to which microfinance is able to build community, and to sustain individual entrepreneurs' attention to social solidarity economy. Alternative approaches to microfinance, which fundamentally restructure the way it works — specifically considering the issue of community-building — are discussed as a possible "next evolution" of this form of social enterprise.     

从高校创业教育到创业实践的探析——以斯坦福大学创业教育为例

随着我国高等教育的不断发展,毕业生数量逐年增加,就业矛盾日益突出,以创业带动就业成为趋势,创业教育也因此备受关注。近年来我国高校创业教育发展取得了很大进步,但与美国等发达国家相比仍存在较大差距,特别是如何将创业教育与创业实践相结合的问题,使创业教育更好的服务于创业实践。通过对我国创业教育现状和美国斯坦福大学创业教育特点的分析,提出了深化创业教育理念,促进国内外高校的交流与合作、注重创业师资团队建设,增强创业实践教育环节、坚持理论教育与创业实践相结合的从创业教育到创业实践的具体途径,从而使我国的创业教育更具实践意义。     

制度环境对企业家精神配置的影响:金融市场的调节作用

综合考虑政治法律制度环境和金融环境,实证分析制度环境对企业家精神配置的影响机理。结果发现,政府行政管理质量对企业家创新精神、企业家创业精神和生产性企业家精神综合水平具有正向促进作用;企业经营法制环境、金融环境质量与企业家创业精神存在负相关关系;金融环境在政府行政管理质量与企业家创新精神关系中起正向调节作用,而在企业经营法制环境与企业家创业精神关系中起负向调节作用。     

创业情境下管理强度与创业绩效关系探讨:团队合作的中介效应

创业活动以其良好的经济与社会效益越来越受到重视,创业过程的核心是创业要素之间的动态匹配。为诠释创业理念在创业者和创业成员之间的匹配,结合创业者特质和成熟企业管理制度演化两种理论视角,提出了创业情境下管理强度的概念,并构建了其与团队合作、新创企业绩效之间的理论模型。通过107份预测试问卷和171份正式问卷进行实证分析,结果发现:创业管理强度可以被划分为独特性、统一性、共识性3个维度;创业管理强度对创业企业绩效具有显著正向影响,这种正向影响机制可以从团队合作方面得到解释,即团队合作在创业管理强度和创业企业绩效之间发挥中介作用。     

Cultural entrepreneurship

Cultural entrepreneurship is a new character in the cultural sector. This paper characterizes the cultural entrepreneur paying homage to the hermeneutic approach of Don Lavoie and others. The challenge is to render the “cultural” meaningful. An invention is the highlighting of the rhetorical qualities of entrepreneurship. A cultural entrepreneur is the character who is entrepreneurial in the realization of cultural values, so is the conclusion.     

The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation

This paper analyzes the impact of a leading entrepreneurship education program on college students’ entrepreneurship skills and motivation using an instrumental variables approach in a difference-in-differences framework. We exploit that the program was offered to students at one location of a school but not at another location of the same school. Location choice (and thereby treatment) is instrumented by the relative distance of locations to parents’ place of residence. The results show that the program does not have the intended effects: the effect on students’ self-assessed entrepreneurial skills is insignificant and the effect on the intention to become an entrepreneur is even negative.     

产业集群环境、创业者特质与创业成功关系研究

创业成功是创业的基本指向。创业环境、创业者特质是影响创业成功的重要因素。在对产业集群环境、创业者特质和创业成功进行理论综述的基础上,提出了3个变量的结构维度,具体分析了产业集群环境对创业者特质和创业成功的积极作用以及创业者特质对创业成功的正向影响。     

企业家理论认识的现实困惑与超越

经济学家对企业家概念的不同理解以及企业家理论的不健全,导致了现实当中对企业家理论认识的许多困惑。企业家是市场经济的产物,传统的计划经济时代不可能产生企业家;企业家精神作为企业家的一个必要的组成部分,是企业家的核心和灵魂;企业家和企业家精神是“自我甄别”的结果,市场无法甄别企业家和企业家精神;企业家和内企业家极其相似,但又存在着很大的区别;企业家与职业经理人是一对相互联系而又有本质区别的概念和角色。     

浅析高职体育院校创业教育的必要性及开展途径

高职体育院校是以培养应用型体育人才为目标。毕业生在综合素质方面的竞争力,与其他非体育院校的学生相比,存在一定的差距,使得学生就业面临更为严峻的挑战,因此在高职体育院校开展自主创业教育显得尤为重要。为了有效实施创业教育,应从以下几个方面着手进行：加强师资队伍建设;培养学生的创业意识;构建创业教育课程体系;开发并利用学校、社会资源进行创业指导;营造创业环境。     

Technology innovation and entrepreneurial state: the development of China's high-speed rail industry

China proactively promotes indigenous technology innovation towards developing an innovation-based economy. This contradicts the developmental state literature that puts emphasis on technology imitation. Drawn from the strategic entrepreneurship perspective, this article explores the role of the government in China's technology innovation process. Carrying out a case study in the high-speed rail (HSR) industry, it suggests that it is best to understand the Chinese government as an entrepreneur in moving China's HSR industry towards technology innovation-driven development, through three dimensions of state-led strategic entrepreneurship: alertness to opportunities, resource exploration and consolidation, and strategic learning. This article highlights the importance of strategic entrepreneurship to the government in an emerging economy context and contributes to the literature by building a conceptual framework of ‘entrepreneurial state’.     

利益相关者视角下开拓型制度创业机制研究

中国转型经济背景下,企业家通过开创一种从无到有的制度而形成的制度创业即被认为是开拓型制度创业,以阿里巴巴电商模式为典型代表的开拓型制度创业实践对于开拓型制度创业机制研究具有重要意义。以阿里巴巴为研究对象,从利益相关者视角出发,将阿里巴巴制度创业中利益相关者分为核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和边缘利益相关者3类。运用扎根理论方法,提炼出阿里巴巴制度创业面临来自利益相关者的制度创业约束、所使用的制度创业策略以及所获取的制度创业合法化,构建出阿里巴巴制度创业机制模型,最终提炼出开拓型制度创业一般机制模型。     

Minimum Wage: Does it Improve Welfare in Thailand?

We study the causal impact of the minimum wage on labor market outcomes, household consumption, inequality and poverty in Thailand by relying on policy variation in minimum wages over time across provinces. We find that minimum‐wage increases have a large and significant impact on the likelihood of working in the uncovered sector among workers with elementary education. However, the impact is very small and insignificant among other labor market groups. In contrast, the minimum wage has large positive effects on the formal sector wages of low‐earning workers, such as the young, elderly and low educated. Increases in the minimum wage are associated with reductions in household poverty and consumption inequality at the bottom half of the distribution.     

为什么日本是一个“创业真空”国度

日本的创新水平处于全球前列，而日本社会创业的比例却很低，被称为“创业真空”国家。作为创业领域非常重要的概念和变量，一个国家新生创业者比例对于其经济发展至关重要。使用全球创业观察2014年的数据，采用个人层面是否为新生创业者和创业意愿作为主要因变量，分析国家层面的变量对于个人成为新生创业者的影响。结果发现，国家层面单一因素，如文化上的不确定性规避意识，对新生创业者并不产生显著影响，宏观经济的稳定性则会影响个人是否成为新生创业者。在加入年龄这一调节变量后，发现三者之间的交互项显著。这说明日本低创业率不仅仅是单方面因素导致的，而更是宏观经济不稳定性、不确定性规避以及老龄化三者之间共同影响的结果。研究结果对于正确理解日本创业现状以及制定促进创业的相关政策具有重要意义。     

The impact of minimum wages on employment of low‐wage workers

This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of a minimum wage increase on employment of workers in the formal sector who have wages below the minimum level in Vietnam. Using the difference‐in‐differences with propensity score matching and the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys of 2004 and 2006, the article finds that the minimum wage increase in 2005 reduced the proportion of workers having a formal sector job among low‐wage workers. Most workers who lost formal sector jobs became self‐employed.     

正式制度与非正式制度如何驱动社会创业——基于效率驱动型国家的QCA研究

社会创业已成为解决社会问题的重要手段,然而对于如何驱动社会创业尚未有定论。以23个效率驱动型国家为研究样本,整合正式制度与非正式制度的5个前因条件,应用QCA方法,探讨了影响国家社会创业活跃度的多重并发因素与复杂因果机制。研究发现：①高社会创业活跃度的驱动机制分为两条路径,即政策-规范-价值观型和规范-价值观-教育型。第一条路径是正式制度与非正式制度要素间的联动匹配,第二条路径是非正式制度要素间的联动匹配;②非正式制度在影响人们社会创业选择时具有重要作用,影响程度甚至超过了正式制度;③政府政策与创业教育之间具有替代作用,即当社会规范与文化价值观水平较高时,只要拥有完善的政府政策,或者良好的创业教育,就能驱动形成较高的社会创业活跃度;④非高社会创业活跃度的驱动机制分为4条路径,且与高社会创业活跃度的驱动路径存在非对称性关系。