利率市场化、存款保险制度与银行挤兑

在推进利率市场化的过程中,避免银行挤兑和实现金融体系的平稳运行是中国在转型过程中面临的重要理论和现实问题。本文基于多轮次噪音信息传递市场环境,构建了一个银行挤兑动态模型,通过综合考虑存款者对银行持有资产收益率的预期、信息加工和传播效率以及不同类型的提前取款动机等方面,探讨银行挤兑的动态过程,给出了各轮次银行挤兑的比例和数量,并刻画出相应的动态均衡;进一步通过引入存款保险制度对基准模型进行扩展,探讨实施存款保险制度与银行挤兑之间关系的作用机理。结果表明,实施存款保险制度通过影响存款者的两类提前取款动机,具有稳定预期和道德风险两个方向相反的效应;存款保险制度的实施效果取决于两种效应的力度对比,而两者之间的比较内生于制度环境。得到的政策启示如下:在实施存款保险制度时,需要建立和健全相应的制度建设配套措施,强化市场约束和完善银行内部治理机制的监督作用来减弱潜在的道德风险问题;继续深化金融体制改革,提高信息的加工和传播效率,促使存款者形成稳定的取款预期,从而增强稳定效应。     

浅析我国存款保险法律制度的构建

近几年来,随着我国市场经济的逐步确立、金融体制改革的不断深化、银行业优胜劣汰竞争机制的形成,国内一些经营不善的金融机构出现了倒闭、破产的现象。由于我国银行业市场退出法律制度的缺陷和相应配套制度———存款保险制度的缺位,破产银行的存款人利益遭到严重侵害,进而威胁到我国金融体系的稳定。鉴于此,我国亟需建立存款保险制度。建立我国的存款保险制度,必须在充分借鉴国际经验的基础上,紧密结合我国国情。根据目前金融体制改革的情况,我国的存款保险制度必须要明确定位,同时应逐步、渐进地进行,不可急于求成,否则将可能对我国金融体系造成严重危害。     

中国建立存款保险制度的道德风险分析——基于银行间博弈视角

存款保险制度是一国金融安全网的重要组成部分,在保护储户利益、维护金融稳定方面发挥了积极作用。目前,中国正欲建立存款保险制度,基于银行间博弈的视角,分析存款保险制度下银行的最优选择,探讨如何弥补道德风险的缺陷,以完善中国存款保险制度的问题。     

试论国外主要的存款保险制度及对中国的启示

在如今经济全球化的背景下,经济的核心问题为金融问题,而金融问题的实质是金融的安全和发展。存款保险制度是现代金融发展中的一种制度选择。国外市场经济国家都非常注重通过建立存款保险制度来防范和控制金融危机。存款保险制度对于维护存款人的利益和维持银行体系与社会的稳定具有重要作用。文章通过对目前国外存款保险制度存在的基本模式的内容及运行方式加以分析,探讨了在我国存款保险制度的建立过程中可能的借鉴之处。     

浅谈我国存款保险制度的建设与发展

市场经济对金融领域安排了有一项最基本的制度就是存款保险制度。伴随着国有银行的上市以及金融领域全方面的对外开放,日渐显现出对建立存款保险制度迫切的需要。银行体系帮自己设立了一套安全防范措施就是存款保险制度,通过对事前的预防以及事后的补救等措施,使得金融体系建立在稳定和安全之上。存款保险制度的建立,对我国金融改革起到重要的意义。     

论我国存款保险制度须具有的功能

存款保险制度起源于美国。美国在1929～1933年的大危机中,倒闭银行达数千家,存款人利益受到严重损害,人们对银行失去信心,在此背景下,1933年美国成立了联邦存款保险公司(FDIC),建立了存款保险制度。实践证明美国存款保险制度在稳定银行体系,保护存款人利益方面显示了巨大作用。自存款保险制度问世70多年以来,经济环境发生了很大变化,存款保险制度的功能已由单纯的保护存款人利益向多重功能转变。我国随着市场经济体制的建立和金融体制改革的推进,迫切需要建立适合中国国情的存款保险制度,以发挥保护存款人利益,稳定金融业,强化市场约束,创…     

金融安全与存款保险制度

在经济金融化和金融全球化迅速发展的今天，如何保证金融安全高效地运作已成为无法回避的问题。存款保险制度作为保障银行等存款机构金融安全的一种制度安排，也得到越来越多国家的认可。存款保险制度简单来说，是指为了维护金融体系的稳定发展，保护存款人利益，对商业银行和其他存款机构所吸纳的存款提供保险所需要的一系列保障和管理措施的制度安排。     

关于建立存款保险制度的若干思考

存款保险制度作为金融安全网的有机组成部分,对于保护存款人利益、提高公众对银行体系的信心、维护金融稳定有着十分重要的作用。目前,我国建立存款保险制度的内部条件和外部环境基本成熟,建立存款保险制度势在必行。本文首先对建立存款保险制度的必要性进行了分析,其次对该制度模式设计进行了初步探讨,并对存款保险机构的组织模式、融资渠道、保险范围、理赔额度以及保险费率的设计等提出了建议。     

存款保险制度的国际比较

经济运行中,银行倒闭不同于一般企业倒闭,其引发的经济和社会震荡更为剧烈,因此,如何有效地抑制银行风险、保持金融稳定,一直是世界各国政府和货币当局面临的难题。1960年代特别是1980年代以来的金融风险和货币危机,促使许多国家在强化政府银行监管职能的同时,纷纷建立了存款保险制度,以完善包括传统的银行清偿力管理和最后贷款人在内的金融安全网。目前,全球已有72个国家和地区包括一些发展中国家建立了存款保险制度。综合比较世界各国存款保险制度,对我国存款保险制度的立法及构建具有借鉴意义。一、存款保险机构的设立及职能比…     

我国存款保险发展的制度障碍及对策

存款机构的高负债经营,容易使金融机构出现流动性问题甚至发生倒闭风险。为保障存款人的利益和银行的经营安全,许多国家都建立了存款保险制度,以此来增强公众对银行业的信心,维护金融稳定。存款保险制度亦成为我国银行业保护存款人利益的有效选择。但存款保险在发展中面临着一些制度上的障碍。要解决这些问题需要加快存款保险立法,变隐性存款保险为显性存款保险;在金融机构推行强制存款保险;发挥存款保险机构在银行破产中的功能。     

Poor Kids: A Report on Children in Poverty

Media coverage of income inequality and the economic plight of the middle class fails to analyze the long-term effects of growing inequality and to consider possible solutions. The article examines the literature on media coverage of income inequality and the middle class, and then examines how three competing models, the neoclassical economic model, the propaganda model, and the institutionalist model, explain the inadequate coverage of the effects and solutions.     

Analysis on demand‐ and supply‐side responses during the expansion of health insurance coverage in Vietnam: Challenges and policy implications toward universal health coverage

This study examines how the demand and supply of healthcare services have responded to the expansion of health insurance coverage in Vietnam by using biyearly provincial panel data from 2006 to 2014. The results of our analysis indicate significant progress towards universal health coverage (UHC) in Vietnam, with the expansion of health insurance coverage being accompanied by increases in admissions and inpatient days. However, some concerns remain. Our findings show a positive response of supply capacity only in terms of doctors and nurses at higher‐level hospitals (provincial hospitals), and none in other relevant aspects. Moreover, we find no positive response of the number of outpatient visits. Another concern is the issue of financial protection. The decline in out‐of‐pocket payments is not significant throughout our observation period, suggesting that lowering the cost of healthcare is not straightforward and that the expansion of health insurance coverage alone cannot achieve this. We believe that the Vietnamese experience has valuable implications for other emerging and developing countries, considering that the expansion of health insurance coverage is likely to increase utilization of healthcare services significantly and that the supply side needs to be prepared for the increase.     

对建设银行“客户评级覆盖率”指标的思考

建设银行要求除“速贷通”和“低风险业务”外的对公所有客户都必须进行客户评级。评级中存在的主要问题是推翻上调评级问题以及季末突击评级问题。应该通过建立经营条线和风险条线客户评级责任人制度、建立客户经理和风险经理AB角制度、建立客户评级到期提示制度、建立客户评级提前申报制度、建立客户评级失效与相关员工绩效工资考核分配制度等措施来完善“客户评级覆盖率”评级指标。     

The effect of Medicaid expansions for low-income children on Medicaid participation and private insurance coverage: evidence from the SIPP

We examine Medicaid enrollment and private coverage loss following expansions of Medicaid eligibility. We attempt to replicate Cutler and Gruber's [Q. J. Econ. 111 (1996) 391.] results using the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), and find smaller rates of take-up and little evidence of crowding out. We find that some of the difference in results can be attributed to different samples and recall periods in the data sets used. Extending the previous literature, we find that take-up is slightly increased if a child's siblings are eligible and with time spent eligible. Focusing on children whose eligibility status changes during the sample, we estimate smaller take-up effects. We find little evidence of crowding out in any of our extensions.     

中国政府住房保障范围的变迁与现状研究

在梳理政府住房保障范围的划分标准与影响因素的基础上,通过回顾中国政府住房保障范围的阶段性变迁历程与现状,将中国政府住房保障范围上存在的主要问题总结为三方面,即政府定位不明确,住房政策缺乏长期目标和法律保障;中央政府和地方政府对于住房保障范围存在不同的诉求;现阶段政府住房保障范围过于宽泛,但户籍壁垒又使大量低收入居民处于住房保障之外。由此,提出了解决我国政府住房保障范围问题的相应对策。     

中国民用机场可达性与服务范围测度

基于累积耗费距离最短路径算法和GIS空间分析方法,计算了1991年和2012年中国民用航空机场的可达性及服务范围,评价了2012年各机场的服务能力和可达性溢出,并提出了未来机场的规划布局建议。结果表明:中国民用航空机场的平均可达时间由1991年的184.76min缩短到2012年的127.09min,全国地级行政区的机场平均可达时间则由88.66min缩短为54.44min;地级城市存在较高的机场可达性溢出。20年间,机场平均服务面积由10.44万km2减小到5.25万km2。机场空间布局为经济服务的倾向比较明显,2012年机场有效服务区总面积390.92万km2,覆盖了全国40%的国土面积、89.2%的人口与93.8%的经济总量。     

Chinese firms’ crash risk and CEO media exposure

This study uses panel data from China over the period 2008–2015 to examine the effect of CEO media exposure on crash risk. We show that CEO media coverage in Chinese firms has a wide dispersion and mitigates crash risk at firms. Our study confirms the important role of media to monitor effectively firm behaviours in China.     

Assessing equitable health financing for universal health coverage: a case study of South Africa

This article argues that an assessment of progressivity over time can provide an indication of progress towards a ‘more’ progressive or a ‘less’ regressive health financing system and can be useful to policymakers. It introduces a framework to characterize ‘shifts’ in progressivity in health financing between two time periods using the popularly known Kakwani index of progressivity and other associated indices. It also decomposes the ‘shifts’ in progressivity into the relative contributions of the changes in income distribution and the changes in the distribution of health payments. Further, it proposes graphics that statistically analyses how the ‘shifts’ in progressivity vary along the distribution of income. A pro-poor (pro-rich) shift implies that the health financing mechanism is becoming more (less) progressive or less (more) regressive between two time periods. A proportional shift means that progressivity is constant between the two periods. This framework is applied to nationally representative household data from South Africa. It emerged that such characterization is a very useful tool for policy in assessing progress towards equitable health financing.     

A NOTE ON MARKET COVERAGE IN VERTICAL DIFFERENTIATION MODELS WITH FIXED COSTS

With fixed costs of quality improvement, we find that a covered market outcome with an interior solution in the price stage is not a Nash equilibrium. When the degree of consumer heterogeneity is high (low) enough, an uncovered market outcome (a covered market outcome with a corner solution in the price stage) is the only Nash equilibrium. When the degree of consumer heterogeneity is moderate, both of the two market outcomes are Nash equilibria, but an uncovered market outcome yields higher social welfare than a covered market outcome with a corner solution in the price stage.     

Audit Publicity and Tax Compliance: A Natural Experiment

We use confidential data on value-added tax payments at the sector level, in two large Italian cities, to estimate the effect of audit publicity on the tax compliance of local sellers. By employing a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that such publicity has a positive effect on fiscal declarations made shortly thereafter. The results suggest that increasing awareness on future audits via the media can be an important instrument in the hands of tax authorities.