预期通货膨胀率内生假定下的扩展AD-AS模型

本文在定义预期通货膨胀率函数后,将其代入标准总需求模型中得到一个扩展的总需求模型,此模型与标准总供给模型构成扩展的AD-AS模型。借鉴微观经济学中的超额需求函数,本文提出超额总需求函数。借助此函数,讨论了扩展的AD-AS模型均衡的静态稳定性。本文发现,内生变量——价格水平的变动通过预期通货膨胀的传递,使得总需求具有内生不确定性,并可能导致经济系统在预期通货膨胀很高时内生不稳定。这表明,政府要解决此问题,必须从改善经济系统的内部运行,从恢复价格对超额总需求的调节机制角度来考虑制定政策。     

可计算的不完全市场一般经济均衡

不完全市场经济一般均衡模型(GEI)使我们能够更加透彻地观察和分析现实商品和金融市场对消费者消费和投资的影响。本文构建的带有惩罚函数的一般均衡分析框架,使我们在使用同伦跟踪算法计算GEI模型均衡时克服了由于市场不完全引起的消费者资产组合无限扩张和需求函数不连续等传统GEI模型计算所固有的困难。通过两个例证我们看到了这种计算方法的有效性。     

不完全市场、惩罚函数及一般均衡

不完全市场一般均衡分析框架使我们更加了解现实金融市场中资产价格的形成机制,使用带有惩罚函数的同伦跟踪算法计算不完全市场经济一般均衡模型均衡(GEI),有效地克服了由于市场不完全引起的消费者资产组合无限扩张和需求函数不连续等传统GEI模型计算所固有的困难.     

交易成本对易货经济的影响——瓦尔拉斯均衡“不成立”的一种情形

本文首先用一种新的解析几何方法在易货经济 (即两种商品的纯交换经济 )条件下的一般均衡框架下揭示了价格与消费者的马歇尔需求之间的函数关系。在此基础上 ,由个人承担的交易成本被直接置入。然后 ,本文证明 :如果交易成本的固定项不为零 ,供、求函数将不连续 ;如果同时有非无穷小比例的人口进行同步化决策 ,那么瓦尔拉斯均衡将会被破坏     

一般均衡分析:无限期界不完全市场条件下的预算约束

近20年来,一般均衡分析发展的一个重要方面在于研究了无限期界不完全市场条件下一般均衡状态的存在性问题。这一研究表明,要确保一般均衡状态的存在,首先必须防止参与者实施庞氏计划,否则参与者的优化问题不可能有最优解,经济体的一般均衡状态也不可能存在。一般来说,有三种防止参与者庞氏计划的约束,它们分别是:横截性条件、债务约束和抵押品制度。这三种约束的切实履行需要相应的执行机制来保证,但是,相关的文献并未就此结合不完全金融市场的假设条件做出充分的论证。     

新古典市场价格理论的缺陷与马克思市场价格理论基础的构建（上篇）

目前 ,新古典生产函数存在着“资本度量与新古典生产函数的存在性问题” ,效用函数存在着“效用的度量问题” ;正是这两个理论缺陷使得供给曲线和需求曲线的推导缺乏坚实的科学基础 ,从而使得新古典市场价格理论这个庞然大物成为一个泥足巨人。本文在变量劳动价值理论基础上推导出供给曲线 ,从社会效用劳动均衡推导出需求曲线 ,为市场价格理论提供科学的基础 ,在此基础上 ,构建马克思的市场价格理论 ,并且说明 :短期市场均衡价格是边际劳动耗费的表现形式 ,长期市场均衡价格是部门平均劳动耗费的货币表现形式 ,即生产商品的社会必要劳动时间的表现形式。     

经济系统引力论——市场·道德·政治结构体系的经济均衡规范场理论研究论纲

本文秉承瓦尔拉斯的“普遍的相互依赖性”研究原则,运用思想实验的理论研究方法,拟订一个探索性研究纲领,研究一种比亚当·斯密那只“看不见的手”更为普遍的经济秩序：看不见的手（市场力量）＋看得见的左手（道德力量）＋看得见的右手（政治力量）,试图构造一种引力场方程,表述经济世界中市场力量、精神世界中道德力量、社会结构中政治力量构成的三极统一体的相互作用。首先,通过引入Smale的均衡流形概念统一处理市场均衡、人性均衡、社会均衡同时达成的整体的、统一的均衡状态;然后,建立一种正义空间概念范畴,而正义空间恰为一种引力空间,且是商品空间（拓扑空间）的推广;再运用Debreu的超额需求函数法,建构了一种市场·道德·政治三极世界四维空间的经济均衡规范场方程;最后,提出广义一般经济均衡机制统一处理“看不见的手”与“看得见的双手”之间的耦合问题,通过定义“看不见的手”为基本相互作用力,“看得见的右手”为强相互作用力,“看得见的左手”为弱相互作用力,这就形成了一种新的秩序。对这种秩序下的资源配置机制的数学表达式我们称其为四维流形的几何与拓扑．太文给出了i专一糖槌的一种数学证明．     

局部均衡下需求价格弹性与收入弹性关系

在局部均衡下，一种商品的需求价格弹性与需求收入弹性互为相反数，是一般均衡下需求弹性之间的关系理论在局部均衡条件下的应用和拓展。不依赖需求对于价格和收入是零次齐次性的假设，在局部均衡下比一般均衡结论的简单推广具有更加普遍意义。     

两大部类增长速度对比关系的探讨-对生产资料优先增长问题的考察

本文以马克思均衡公式为基础,推导出两大部类不变资本增长率的均衡稳定关系。该关系式表明,两大部类不变资本增长率之间孰大孰小的问题取决于第一部类资本有机构成函数的特点。在第一部类资本有机构成单调提高的情况下,瞬时生产资料优先增长规律是存在的,但是就均衡稳定而论,两大部类一般是平衡增长的,因而稳态生产资料优先增长规律一般来说是不存在的。这意味着,在经济起飞阶段,生产资料优先增长确实发挥着作用;而在经济成熟期,则是平衡增长规律发挥作用。     

两大部类增长速度对比关系的探讨—对生产资料优先增长问题的考察

本文以马克思均衡公式为基础，推导出两大部类不变资本增长率的均衡稳定关系。该关系式表明，两大部类不变资本增长率之间孰大孰小的问题取决于第一部类资本有机构成函数的特点。在第一部类资本有机构成单调提高的情况下，瞬时生产资料优先增长规律是存在的，但是就均衡稳定而论，两大部类一般是平衡增长的，因而稳态生产资料优先增长规律一般来说是不存在的。这意味着，在经济起飞阶段，生产资料优先增长确实发挥着作用；而在经济成熟期，则是平衡增长规律发挥作用。     

Excess demand for labor, unemployment, and theories of the Phillips curve

This article has two purposes. First, to examine the assumption that it is possible to map uniquely between unemployment and excess demand for labor; this assumption plays a key role in the theory of the Phillips curve. We show that as both unemployment and excess demand for labor are endogenous and simultaneously determined, in general it is not possible to obtain a unique mapping between unemployment and excess demand for labor and that the Lipsey and Barro and Grossman derivations of the Phillips curve are invalid. Secondly, the article recommends that wage, employment, and unemployment behavior be modelled using short-run supply and demand curves, that is, in a Marshall-Hicks temporary equilibrium framework.     

Computing optimal tax equilibria

This paper proposes a technique for computing optimal taxes in a full general equilibrium model. It is based upon a fixed point algorithm of the type that is widely used to solve Walrasian general equilibrium models. Computing an optimal tax equilibrium is more difficult than solving a general equilibrium model only to the extent that the derivatives of the social welfare function and of the consumer demand functions must be calculated in the former case. Solutions to several sample problems are provided to demonstrate the technique. They suggest that optimal tax rates are exceedingly sensitive to the specification of the model used to derive them.     

A general disequilibrium model of tax incidence

This paper applies a general disequilibrium approach to the tax incidence problem. Separate sections have examined the incedence of various taxes in an economy experiencing general excess demand and excess supply. The specific inclusion of these disequilibrium elements leads to some results markedly different from those obtained in an equilibrium model. The tax incidence is measured by the labor-capital ratio rather than by the familiar wage-rental ratio. The incidence of a partial factor tax can easily and definitely be shown to fall in a greater proportion on the taxed factor than on the untaxed one.     

Fiscal policy simulations – a comparison of UK models

The problem of endowing large applied general equilibrium models with numerical values for parameters is formidable. For example, a complete set of own- and cross-price elasticities of demands for the MONASH model of the Australianeconomy involves in excess of 50000 items. Invoking the minimal assumptions that demand is generated by utility maximization reduces the load to about 26000 - obviously still a number much too large for unrestrained econometric estimation. To obtain demand systems estimates for a dozen or so generic commodities at a top level of aggregation (categories like ‘food’, ‘clothing and footwear’, etc.), typically Johansen's lead has been followed, and directly additive preferences imposed upon the underlying utility function. With the move beyond one-step linearized solutions of applied general equilibrium models, the functional form of the demand system adopted becomes an issue. The most celebrated of the additive-preference demand systems, the linear expenditure system (LES), has one drawback for empirical work; namely, the constancy of marginal budget shares (MBSs) - a liability shared with the Rotterdam system. To get around this, Theil and Clements used Holbrook Working's Engel specification in conjunction with additive preferences; unfortunately both Working's formulation and Deaton and Muellbauer's AIDS have the problem that, under large changes in real incomes, budget shares can stray outside the [0, 1] interval. It was such behaviour that led Cooper and McLaren to devise systems with better regularity properties. These systems, however, are not globally compatible with any additive preference system. In this paper we specify, and estimate, at the six-commodity level, an implicitly directly additive-preference demand system which allows MBSs to vary as a function of total real expenditure and which is globally regular throughout that part of the the price-expenditure space in which the consumer is at least affluent enough to meet subsistence requirements.     

Disaggregation of excess demand and comparative statics with incomplete markets and nominal assets

Summary. We prove that locally, Walras' law and homogeneity characterize the structure of market excess demand functions when financial markets are incomplete and assets' returns are nominal. The method of proof is substantially different from all existing arguments as the properties of individual demand are also different. We show that this result has important implications and is part of a more general result that excess demand is an essentially arbitrary function not just of prices, but also of the exogenous parameters of the economy as asset returns, preferences, and endowments. Thus locally the equilibrium manifold, relating equilibrium prices to these parameters has also no structure. Received: September 17, 1996; revised version: November 7, 1997     

Conjugate duality: Some applications to economic theory

A simple duality theorem in nonlinear programming is given using conjugate function concepts. This is applied to problems in the theory of the firm with Cobb-Douglas and CES production functions, to utility functions for consumer demand, and also to the problem of spatial market equilibrium.     

Hospital Care inflation in the United States: prices adjustments in a disequilibrium econometric framework

Uncontrollable medical care expenditure inflation in excess of general price inflation in the United States has prompted the writing of this paper. It is argued that such a frustrating phenomenon is due to the existence of disequilibrium in the hospital market. This phenomenon can be verified only by modelling the market by disequilibrium methods. In this paper, a model of price adjustment in non-clearing market is presented and tested by using autoregressive techniques. It is found that excess demand for hospital care has been the source of disequilibrium for a large part of the period of the study, 1965–1984. It is observed then the key factor causing excess demand is low out-of-pocket expenditure for hospital care by patients due to third-party payments. Had the co-insurance rate been adjusted upward or co-payment patient rate not fallen, excess demand would have been eliminated. This study also finds that the response of providers and regulators to cost inflation through price control policy seems to be ineffective in bringing the market to a state of equilibrium.     

The Dynamics of Inflation and Employment in the Full-Employment Zone: A Theoretical Analysis*

The paper is concerned with an economy in which some sectors reach full employment before others as demand expands. The position of short-run equilibrium of employment and excess demand is determined by the intersection of the aggregate demand schedule and the short-run output function, which shows the level of output induced by different levels of aggregate demand. The dynamics of the short-run equilibrium position are explored. It is shown that equilibrating forces due to relative price changes must predominate over disequilibrating forces due to the redistribution of income, in the absence of exogenous shocks and induced cost inflation. The latter is shown to be subject to a multiplier effect. The paper ends by drawing the policy implications of the analysis. It refutes the acceleration thesis by showing that the level of the real wage does not tend to change under excess demand and argues that if the economy is taken into the full employment zone forces will be set to work which tend to remove the bottlenecks.     

Learning buyers' valuation distribution in posted-price selling

Summary. For his proof of the existence of a general competitive equilibrium Abraham Wald assumed a strictly pseudomonotone inverse market demand function or, equivalently, that market demand satisfies the Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference. It is well known that more recent existence theorems do not need this assumption. In order to clarify its role in Wald's proof, the question of existence of an equilibrium for a modified version of the Walras-Cassel model is reduced to the solvability of a related variational inequality problem. In general, the existence of a solution to such a problem can only be proved by advanced mathematical methods. We provide an elementary induction proof which demonstrates the essence of Abraham Wald's famous contribution. Received: July 22, 1997; revised version: December 11, 1997     

Stochastic Demand for Hospitals and Optimizing "Excess" Bed Capacity

This paper addresses the issue of hospital bed capacity by considering the stochastic demand for United States hospitals. An equilibrium condition for the optimal number of "excess" beds is derived and applied using a cost function estimated with a panel data model for the period 1987-1992. Results indicate that it may be difficult to justify the costliness of existing levels of empty hospital beds. The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission should be cognizant of the potential effects of hospital mergers on undesirable excess bed capacity.