建立国有企业的立论依据何在

现实告诉我们 ,中国的国有企业改革不能生搬硬套西方的国有企业改革理论 ,因为两者的立论依据完全不同。中国的国有企业的立论依据是马克思的科学社会主义 ,它的现实依据是苏联模式。西方的国有企业立论依据源于新古典经济理论。在改革中选择西方的国有企业作为标准模式 ,势必造成我国国有企业改革的难度。现实是不同类型的国有企业选择不同的改革方案     

分类改革后国有企业治理机制与国资监管体制的完善

分类改革是目前国有企业改革的方向。国有企业改革主要是通过其内部的治理机制和外部的国资监管体制的完善进行。国有企业的治理机制主要包括管理模式、治理结构和激励约束机制。国有企业的管理模式主要是组建国有资本运营公司,进行层级管理;治理结构应该根据不同类型国有企业进行选择;国有企业的激励约束机制应当市场化。国资采取分类监管的方式进行,并通过立法进行保障。     

日、美国有企业改革的成功经验及其借鉴意义

日本、美国是两种类型不同的市场经济体制国家 ,因而它们对国有企业改革所采取的方式也不尽相同。文章介绍了它们国有企业改革的一些成功经验及其借鉴意义。     

国有企业分类改革与分类治理——基于七家国有企业的调研

文章以"国有企业分类改革与分类治理"为基本思路,根据中国实际情况,将国有企业基于目标和功能划分为公益性国有企业、(合理)垄断性国有企业和竞争性国有企业,并实际走访调研七家中央国有企业和地方国有企业,探索目前国有企业公司治理现状及存在的问题。研究发现,调研企业普遍认可国有企业分类的必要性和合理性,然而,虽然三种类型国有企业的经营目标和社会功能的性质存在显著差异,其公司治理机制设计却没有因"类"制宜。文章因此以调研结果为基础,针对不同类型的国有企业,提出了国有企业未来可行的改革方向和治理机制设计方案。     

国企改革要抓住几个关键

1.国有企业在改革中应进行自身的定位。党的十五届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于国有企业改革和发展的若干重大问题的决定》 (以下简称决定 )明确指出：“在社会主义市场经济条件下,国有经济在国民经济中的主导作用主要体现在控制力上。”为了实现国有企业改革的目标,《决定》明确提出,要区别不同情况,对国有企业实施战略性改组。这就是说不同类型的国有企业所采取的改革方式不是完全相同的,国有企业要想搞好改革,必须进行准确的定位,只有这样才能制定出适合自身实际的改革目标、方针和战略措施。 　　2.应坚持国有企业改革与企业思…     

论国资委与国有企业的功能分化与目标定位

现有国资委和国有企业政策、法律及实践定位互相矛盾、含混不清,导致国资委和国有企业无法对自身进行准确定位,国有企业绩效无法充分实现,现有绩效遭到质疑否定。改变现状的可行路径是通过国资委和国有企业的功能分化,实现分类改革,不同类型的机构和企业确定不同的目标定位。     

试析国企双重职能与深化国企改革

深化国企改革必须正确认识和把握国有企业的职能和目标。理论和实践都证明了国有企业是兼具经济职能与社会职能的特殊企业,双重目标不可偏倚。改革前,我国的国有企业承载了过多的社会职能。改革后又出现了国有企业社会责任的缺失。为此,应根据不同类型的国有企业提供的产品和服务的特性及承担任务的不同进行分类改革,对其社会目标和经济目标的诉求采用不同的标准,有所取舍。同时通过利润分配机制的完善和社会责任法律法规体系的建设,更好地实现国有企业经济职能与社会职能的统一。     

国有企业公司制改革效率的实证分析

本文利用2001年山东省第二次基本单位普查工业企业数据资料,对国有企业公司制改革的效率变化进行实证分析。分析的结论是,国有企业公司制改革后的效率都有较为明显的提高,但不同经济类型公司的效率差异很大;在影响国企改制效率的因素中,企业经济类型的改变作用最大;决定公司经济类型的两个因素———资本构成和投资主体的差异都会显著影响改制效率。本文对分析结果进行了简要的讨论,认为提高国企改制效率的关键在于把国有企业改造成为真正独立的市场主体,根本途径在于降低国家资本的比重。     

关于国有企业改革的几点思考

<正> 国有企业改革长期以来未能取得突破性进展,不仅使国有企业与其他类型企业相比发展活力明显不足,亏损严重,也使几十年辛苦积累起来的国有资产一天天流失,并对社会的安定团结产生了不利影响。党的十四届三中全会把建立现代企业制度确定为今后国有大中型企业的改革目标,这无疑是我国企业改革认识方面的一大进步。但从目前的改革实践和理论探讨情况来看,不仅在国有企业本身的体制改革方面,而且在国有企业与整体经济发展的关系方面,     

中国国有企业改革的本原问题与思路重置

国有企业改革问题30多年来一直是我国经济体制改革的重大理论和实践课题。迄今为止,人们对国有企业改革基本原则问题的模糊不清,是国有企业改革的重大障碍。顺利推进国有企业改革实践,必须厘清对国有企业改革的原因、起点、目标等基本原则性问题的认识。作者认为,国有企业改革所要解决的核心问题是所有制垄断引致的权利不平等,不是效率低下;国有企业改革的责任主体是政府而不是企业及其经营者;国有企业改革的利益取向是国家或全民,而不仅仅限于国有企业的职工。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

新员工主动社会化行为与组织承诺关系研究——以社会资本为中介变量

为了探索新员工主动社会化行为影响组织承诺的过程,本文对来自企业的401个有效样本进行了实证分析。本研究运用层级回归的方法,控制了人口统计变量的影响后,发现员工的搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为对组织承诺有直接的正面影响,同时,通过员工社会资本对员工组织承诺产生了间接的正面影响。社会资本在员工搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为影响组织承诺的机制中起部分中介作用。员工的关系构建行为对组织承诺没有显著影响,但对员工社会资本存在显著的正面影响。     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.