从吐鲁番敦煌雇人放羊契看中国7—10世纪的雇佣关系

本文对吐鲁番、敦煌雇人放羊契中雇佣关系作了探讨分析 ,同是七世纪高昌时期的雇佣契 ,但雇佣关系并不相同 ,一种是带有承包责任形式的雇佣 ,一种纯属雇工、出卖劳动力 ;发展到后来十世纪 ,承包性越来越大了 ,劳动者在身份、地位上有更多的平等性 ;在经济收获的分配上 ,交付的东西是定额物 ,多余归己 ,劳动者有比较大的自由 ,这能大大刺激积极性 ,对发展生产有利。这就是一个进步。从契文内容分析比较 ,十世纪比七世纪有了一些进步。人身奴役性的雇佣成份在减少。     

美国土地财政收入发展的演化规律及启示

美国土地财政收入发展演化可以分为四个阶段:第一阶段从1776～1861年,是土地财政收入以土地出售为主的时期;第二阶段从内战开始至1900年,是财产税开始在各州普遍征收的时期;第三阶段从1900～1942年,是土地财政收入向州以下的地方政府转移的时期;第四阶段从20世纪40年代中期至今,是地方政府土地财政收入主要以财产税为主的时期。美国土地财政收入呈现以下规律:土地财政收入从     

国外企业雇员可雇佣性研究新进展

西方学者对企业雇员的可雇佣性研究始于20世纪60年代,它盛行于90年代,至今还是热点问题之一。随着社会经济、政府政策、企业/雇主、劳动力市场和工作内容等的巨变,国外企业在雇员可雇佣性研究又有了新进展。本研究分析了各种可雇佣性概念研究视角,同时,探索了国外企业雇员可雇佣性研究的新进展。     

梅州千年客都的情怀

客家是中华民族中汉族的一支特殊民系,两千多年来,中原地区的汉人因逃避战乱、饥荒、迫害或因政府调迁等原因大量南迁,集中定居在闽、赣、粤地区,又进而扩散至四川、广西、台湾、东南亚等地.相对于这些地区的原居民而言,他们是客,而称为"客家人".从目前的历史资料看,古代中原人发生过六次大规模南迁.第一次是秦始皇时期派兵50万驻扎南岭地区;第二次东汉末年黄巾起义和三国两晋时期;第三次是唐朝中时至五代十国的动荡时期;第四次是南宋时期金兵南下汉人南渡;第五次是清兵南下客家人抗清失败而迁移;第六次是清代雍正年间"移湖广,填四川",大量客家人向广西、四川等地迁移.近一两个世纪,客家人向海外的迁移逐渐增多.     

城镇劳动力市场雇佣关系的演化及影响因素

本文利用跨度为二十年(1988年到2007年)的微观家计数据,分析了我国城镇地区雇佣关系在经济转型时期从单一固定工向多元灵活雇佣关系转变的过程。将我国城镇地区的雇佣关系分成四种类型,探讨了雇佣关系构成从1988年到2007年的变化及其影响因素,以及各种因素的相对重要性。分析发现,从1988年开始,我国的雇佣关系构成中灵活雇佣比重开始逐步上升,到2002年,短期雇佣、无合同雇佣等灵活雇佣形式的比重达到一个较高水平,进入2007年,稳定雇佣关系的比重略有回升。扩展的Oaxaca-Blinder分解所得结果表明,从1995年到2002年,劳动力市场灵活性增强主要受到转型过程中制度变迁等不可观测因素的影响;进入2007年,稳定的雇佣关系比重略有回升,放松管制和市场深化的效应逐渐释放殆尽,特征变量对提高雇佣稳定性的作用开始显现。     

劳动力产权的演进及走向分享的趋势

劳动力产权的演进应该包括四个阶段,即资本雇佣劳动阶段、劳资两利阶段、劳动雇佣资本阶段和"自由人联合体"阶段。这四个阶段之间不是单向地孤立地向前发展的,而是在一定时期内以某一阶段为主导形态,各个阶段之间呈螺旋的、互相交织式地向前发展。从历史的动态的观点来看,包括西方国家在内的现阶段劳动关系的常态应该是合作与分享。     

十七世纪景德镇民窑与陶瓷绘画

17世纪在中国历史上是个社会政治大变动时期。由社会经济、政治的深刻变化,推动了社会风尚与观念的改变。主体意识觉醒的思潮体现在文化艺术的各个方面。此时,景德镇的民窑和陶瓷绘画艺术发展到历史前所未有的高峰。文章通过这个时期景德镇民窑的兴衰来探讨民窑是如何推动陶瓷绘画的发展。     

历史时期洞庭湖地区城镇职能的演变

分四个历史阶段分析论述了洞庭湖区城镇职能的演变过程。认为:①南北朝以前,由原始聚落向军事型城镇过渡;南北朝时期的城镇,以行政中心为主;唐、宋时期,商贸因素在城镇职能中的比重明显增加;明清时期,粮棉贸易成为城镇的特色职能。②城镇发展和空间分布的趋势,与洞庭湖环境变迁、人类活动轨迹基本一致。③城镇职能大体经历了军事型→行政型→经济型这一变化过程。④至清代,城镇体系基本形成了中心城市———区域性城市———县镇———乡镇四个市场层次。还结合历史情况对现代洞庭湖区城镇建设和发展提出了一些建议。     

《经济思想通史》简介

以浙江大学蒋自强教授为首的五位学者撰写的著作《经济思想通史》，已由浙江大学出版社出版。这是我国经济学界值得注意的一件大事。这部通史分为四卷：第一卷包括早期经济思想，即从远古至18世纪中叶；第二卷包括西欧资本主义制度确立时期和俄国、中国社会性质转变时期的经济思想；第三     

明清两代农业雇工法律上人身隶属关系的解放

明清两代法典的“条律”中,雇主和雇工犯有同等罪行在服刑上不平等的规定,表现了“雇工人”对雇主具有一种严格的人身隶属关系;“雇工人”成为明清社会上一个特定的等级。用以规定“雇工人”涵义的“条例”,从明万历16年第一次制定起,至清王朝灭亡止,前后有过五次(清乾隆24年、32年、53年、嘉庆6年及宣统2年)不同程度的修改。本文通过对“条例”的修改以及封建法庭运用这些“条例”的判例成案的分析,研究了明清两代农业雇佣劳动者脱离“雇工人”等级,取得和雇主平等的法律地位的历史过程。通过上述研究,文章得出如下六点结论:第一,农业雇工法律形式上的人身隶属关系的解放,是一个缓慢的、曲折的历史过程,从短工的解放到部分长工的解放,前后历时达两个世纪(1588—1788);而在清王朝灭亡以前,这个法律上的解放过程始终没有完成。第二,不能认为只有完全脱离了生产资料的雇佣劳动者才能够是“自由”雇佣劳动者;在特定的时期中,正是与生产资料可能还保有一定联系的短工,最早摆脱法律上的人身隶属关系;而与生产资料完全脱离的长工,却有更多的可能与雇主构成人身隶属关系。第三,雇主雇工之间订立契约并不一定表明这种关系就是资本主义关系。在一定历史时期,没有订立契约的雇佣劳动者反倒有可能是身份自由的。第四,纯从法律形式上看,越是大地主,他对雇工的等级关系就越是显著,因而他的农业经营也就越具有封建性;而不是地主集中土地越多,利用雇佣劳动进行的农业经营越大,其资本主义性质越浓厚。第五,乾隆53年以前,在雇主雇佣短工经营这个范围内有可能产生“自由”雇佣关系;在乾隆53年以后,“农民佃户”使用雇佣劳动(包括长工、短工)的这种经营形式有可能具有资本主义性质。这些可以作为研究明清社会资本主义因素的发生、发展问题的线索。第六,通过这一研究,看出明清时代森严的封建等级制度的某些特点及其重要性。     

贸易保护与政治利益关系的研究

在国际贸易发展的不同历史发展时期一直存在着贸易保护与政治利益的复杂关系,无论从重商主义时期贸易保护的观点到工业革命时期的自由贸易理论,还是今天发展中国家对幼稚工业的保护和发达国家对衰退产业的保护,无不体现了政治利益在贸易政策中的决定性作用.尽管自由贸易是世界贸易发展的大趋势,但贸易保护仍然是各国制定贸易政策的底线,必将在相当长的时期内与自由贸易并存.     

The Rise of the Global Corporation and the Polarization of the Managerial Class in the US

This article seeks to understand the sharp divergence in the earnings of top managerial executives in the US since the 1980s, within the historical context of the evolution and transformation of the corporate landscape through the 20th century. In particular, as US multinational corporations expanded their reach to the global market at the end of the 20th century and offshoring increased, globally dispersed US multinational corporations began to draw a rising share of their surpluses from their overseas affiliates. The article argues that this development is key to understanding the growing disparity between the earnings of the executives at the top of the managerial hierarchy and those lower down. The disproportionate rise of top managers’ wage income reflects their claim to a larger share of globally produced surplus. Discussions of the rising earnings of the managerial elite in the US need to take this historical process into account.     

Shadow Money in the 19th Century: Is Marx Relevant for Understanding Contemporary Shadow Money?

ABSTRACT

The growth of shadow money, since the 1980s, has implications for both central bank policy and the theorization of money. However, modern shadow money has a historical analogue in the private bill market of 19th century England This article explores the relevance of Marx’s logical and historical analysis of the evolution of the forms and functions of money in capitalist economies, and his concrete analysis of the bill market in order to understand shadow money today.     

Migrants and market potential in Spain over the twentieth century: a test of the new economic geography

In this paper, we offer a structural contrast of a new economic geography model in Spain over three different periods: the 1920s, the 1960s, and the early years of the 21st century. In line with Crozet (J Econ Geogr 4:439–458, 2004), we analyse the possible existence of a forward effect, i.e. the existence of a relationship between the workers’ localisation decisions and the market potential of the regions. Our results show that this model provides a good explanation of migrant behaviour in Spain throughout the 20th century. Moreover, the changes in the parameters estimated are consistent with a change in the migratory model and reflect the tendency towards a spatial redispersion of economic activity in recent decades.     

Nonlinearity and nonstationarity in international art market prices: evidence from Markov-switching ADF unit root tests

This study investigates the presence (or lack thereof) of nonlinear dynamics and nonstationarity in international art market prices using quarterly data for the period 1990–2011. We first test whether art market price indices follow stochastic trends or whether they are stationary by means of linear unit root tests. Next, we estimate the Markov regime-switching ADF model and test whether the linear or the nonlinear regime-switching model provides a better characterization of the global art market price series. We find that all art market price indices (except for Drawings) exhibit nonlinearity. To our knowledge, our study is the first one in the literature to suggest that a nonlinear (Markov regime-switching) model provides a better characterization of the behavior of price dynamics in international art markets. In particular, our findings indicate that the market for the overall global art market, paintings, old masters, sculptures, photographs, prints, and contemporary art might indeed be stationary while exhibiting nonlinear regime-switching properties. On the other hand, the market for drawings and the Nineteenth century art are found to be nonstationary. Overall, despite the common ground of a regime-switching framework, we still find that the sub-segments of the art market have their own inner regime switching dynamics and hence they can evolve differently overtime.     

当前中国农村金融组织体系改革的思路

本文从历史的角度分析了20世纪90年代以来中国农村金融组织体系的改革历程,发现尽管改革的目标是要形成多元化的农村金融组织体系,但是改革过程中却呈现出曲折的两阶段性：到20世纪末农村信用社垄断了农村金融市场;进入21世纪以来,农村信用社的垄断地位逐渐被打破,改革又开始向多元化金融组织体系目标回归。     

明代西湖的景观文化：明代公共工程背景下西湖园林发展

杭州西湖是中国艺术史上最重要的地点之一，然而在西方语言中并没有专门对其明代状况的研究。明代300年的统治对西湖的发展是至关重要的，16世纪初因扩张的农耕导致西湖空间几近消失，而至16世纪末西湖则是明代最主要的旅游景点之一。以景观文化的新的跨学科方法角度，探讨导致这种巨大变化的社会和审美进程；并将展示在这些进程中，美学、历史认同和经济发展如何扮演着不同角色，而且并不总是和谐一致。     

Telecommunications, an instrument of radical change for both the 20th and 21st centuries

This paper compares and contrasts how entrepreneurial disruptions, firm innovations, foreign market expansion and government restraint interact during three distinct periods to create and dramatically expand one service—telecommunications. Because this service has the ability to help business overcome the frictions of time, it has become both an enabling and lead technology in the dramatic economic growth. Telecommunications was instrumental in ushering in the formation of the third Kondratieff long Wave upswing at the beginning of the 20th century and appears to be important in jumpstarting the emerging information economy in the fifth Kondratieff Wave at the end of the 20th century.     

Competition and Public Policy in the Nursing Home Industry

A theory of property needs to give an account of the whole lifecycle of a property right: How it is initiated, transferred, and terminated. Economics has focused on the transfers in the market and almost completely neglected the question of initiation and termination of property in normal production and consumption (not in some original state or in the transition from common to private property). The institutional mechanism for the normal initiation and termination of property is an invisible hand function of the market — the market mechanism of appropriation. Does this mechanism satisfy an appropriate normative principle? The standard normative juridical principle is to assign or impute legal responsibility according to de facto responsibility. It is given a historical tag of being "Lockean," but the basis is contemporary jurisprudence, not historical exegesis. Then, the fundamental theorem of the property mechanism is proven, which shows that if "Hume's conditions" (no transfers without consent and all contracts fulfilled) are satisfied, then the market automatically satisfies the Lockean responsibility principle — i.e., "Hume implies Locke." As a major application, the results in their contrapositive form, "Not Locke implies Not Hume," are applied to a market economy based on the employment contract. I show that the production based on the employment contract violates the Lockean principle (all who work in an employment enterprise are de facto responsible for the positive and negative results), and thus Hume's conditions must also be violated in the marketplace (de facto responsible human action cannot be transferred from one person to another — as is readily recognized when an employer and employee together commit a crime).¹     

Measuring the impact of trade flows on employment in the Turkish manufacturing industry

This paper investigates the impact of export and import flows on the change in manufacturing employment using an accounting-identity based approach which enables the change in employment to be decomposed into the contribution made not only by trade but also by domestic consumption and productivity change. The analysis is carried over (i) four subperiods, two belonging to the period before 1980 when Turkey switched from a regime of import-substitution based growth to one of export-orientation, and the other two, to the period after 1980, and (ii) three tradebased categories; net exporting, import competing and noncompeting sectors. It is found (a) that trade has a more significant role to play in employment change in the post-1980 periods, (b) that this is observed more in the net exporting and noncompeting categories rather than the import competing category, and (c) that the switch to export-oriented growth in 1980 did not lead to export-based employment to be dominant in employment changes but has acted as a buffer in the sense that employment may either have grown much less or declined more severely if the post-1980 expansion of exports had not occurred.