我国货币政策效果非对称性研究——来自1996～2009年的经验证据

本文基于VAR模型对我国货币政策产出效应和价格效应的非对称性进行了实证研究。研究结果表明：我国货币政策效果的确存在非对称性。在短期内。紧缩性货币政策效果要优于扩张性货币政策；在中长期内，扩张性货币政策效果更持久；而在长期内，无论是扩张性货币政策还是紧缩性货币政策对产出和物价都没有影响。     

中国货币政策效应非对称性的实证研究

已有研究表明,紧缩性与扩张性货币政策对真实产出的影响存在非对称效应。但与现有研究不同的是,本文实证结果表明:(1)扩张性货币政策更为有效;(2)不同经济周期阶段货币政策的政策效应具有非对称性,较之于经济扩张时期,经济紧缩时期的货币政策更为有效;(3)"大"的货币政策与"小"的货币政策的政策效应有差别,"小"的货币政策相对有效。     

数量型货币政策调控有助于金融稳定吗——基于时变货币需求的货币政策有效性再评价

金融稳定事关经济与金融发展全局,维护实体经济与金融体系的双重稳定已成为新时代中国宏观经济调控的重要任务.通过对中国货币需求的动态评估,为数量型货币政策立场提供了一个评价基准,并基于此对数量型货币政策有效性与非对称性特征进行再评价.结果 表明:首先,现代金融环境下,国民收入、金融资产以及支付手段创新因素对货币需求存在正向影响,机会成本与货币替代因素则在一定程度上抑制了货币需求;其次,货币缺口可以用来合理划分数量型货币政策立场,以货币需求为基准、货币缺口为指示器的数量型货币政策整体有效,并且可以兼顾对宏观经济和金融体系的双重调控;最后,中国数量型货币政策效应具有典型的非对称性特征,其中紧缩性货币政策具有较强的产出效应,而扩张性货币政策的价格效应和金融稳定效应则更为显著.这些研究结论或可为切实提高数量型货币政策在通胀预期管理、保障宏观经济平稳运行并有效维护金融稳定等方面的效应提供有益的政策启示.     

当前经济偏热的原因与宏观政策的"货币幻觉"

所谓"货币幻觉",指的是货币政策的通货膨胀效应。一般地,货币政策的作用有两方面:一是产业效应,另一是价格效应。如果扩张性货币政策是以通货膨胀来换取产出增长,我们说这种     

利率非对称性传导效应实证分析

本文运用Granger检验、ADF单位根检验、Engle-Granger两步法协整检验和自回归分布滞后模型,选取1993—2007年的样本数据,实证分析了利率对经济运行变动趋势的四个关键性因素——货币供给、投资、产出、物价的作用效应。研究结果表明,利率传导存在非对称性效应,其非对称性表现在以下三个方面:紧缩性货币政策利率传导效应大于扩张性货币政策利率传导效应;利率冲击对投资的作用效应非对称性较弱;利率冲击对物价的效应相对利率冲击对产出的效应而言,前者更有效,利率冲击对物价作用的效应非对称性大于利率冲击对产出作用的效应非对称性。     

两部门开放经济中的货币政策冲击——兼论汇率和价格之谜

本文使用SVAR的框架考察了紧缩性货币冲击在贸易部门和非贸易部门的传导及其差异性效果。研究发现,紧缩性货币冲击导致贸易部门产出的下降快于、且在早期大于非贸易部门产出的下降。贸易部门对货币冲击的响应更加敏感。同时发现了Sims(1992)所说的"汇率和价格之谜"现象。针对汇率渠道的反事实实验表明,汇率渠道受到货币政策变量和非货币政策变量的不对称性影响。紧缩性货币政策变量使得汇率升值,产出下降;而非货币政策变量则使得汇率贬值,产出上升。汇率渠道的净效应对两个部门的产出下降起抵消作用。分析印证了Sims(1992)对"汇率和价格之谜"的解释。     

货币政策无效性命题在中国的实证研究

本文采用两步OLS方法考察了中国货币政策对实际产出的影响，实证结果倾向于拒绝政策无效性命题(PIP)。实证研究表明预期到的与未预期到的货币都影响产出，货币政策对产出在10％的显著水平上存在非对称性影响。笔者认为在中国预期到的货币政策影响产出，其原因是不完全的市场与价格刚性的存在。     

货币政策对物价水平影响的不对称性探究——基于1996—2011年宏观数据的实证分析

文章从货币政策的非对称性出发,采用H-P滤波法分离出货币供给量中的扩张和收缩成分,并结合VAR模型进行格兰杰因果分析、脉冲响应分析和方差分解,论证了货币供给量对物价水平变动的影响程度,得出紧缩性货币政策的货币供应量负向冲击对物价水平变动的影响要大于扩张性货币政策的货币供应量正向冲击。基于此,提出货币政策对于物价水平变动的不对称性影响的理论原因和政策建议。     

基于资产价格影响的货币政策非对称性效应研究

利用NK-SVAR模型就我国货币政策的非对称性效应进行研究,结果表明,紧缩性货币政策的效果比较明显,而扩张性货币政策效果较弱.货币冲击的紧缩效应强于扩张效应,这表明抑制经济的过快增长时紧缩性的货币政策效果显著,但扩张性货币政策无法摆脱经济的恶性衰退.     

货币政策无效性命题在中国的实证研究

本文采用两步OLS方法考察了中国货币政策对实际产出的影响 ,实证结果倾向于拒绝政策无效性命题 (PIP)。实证研究表明预期到的与未预期到的货币都影响产出 ,货币政策对产出在 1 0 %的显著水平上存在非对称性影响。笔者认为在中国预期到的货币政策影响产出 ,其原因是不完全的市场与价格刚性的存在。     

Identifying monetary policy shocks with changes in open market operations

In this paper, we reexamine the effects of monetary policy shocks by exploiting the information contained in open market operations. A sticky price model is developed where money is the counterpart of securities deposited at the central bank. The model's solution reveals that a rise in central bank holdings of open market securities can be interpreted as a monetary expansion. Estimates of vector autoregressions for US data are further provided showing that reactions to an unanticipated rise in open market securities are consistent with common priors about a monetary expansion, i.e., a decline in the federal funds rate, a rise in output, and inertia in price responses. Compared to federal funds rate shocks, prices do not exhibit a puzzling behavior and a larger fraction of the GDP forecast error variance can be attributed to open market shocks. However, the explanatory power of the latter has decreased since federal funds rate targets have been announced.     

货币供给的内生性与货币政策的效率——兼评我国当前货币政策的有效性

货币内生性理论指出公众的货币需求会直接影响中央银行的货币供给。因此 ,公众通过调整货币需求可以对中央银行的货币政策效果产生不确定的影响。本文利用货币内生性理论来分析公众行为对中央银行为稳定物价水平而采取的政策效果的影响 ;并通过实证分析证实我国M2 的供给有较强的内生性 ;我国货币政策在治理通货膨胀和通货紧缩的效果上存在着不对称性 ,以此可重新认识我国当前通货政策的有效性。     

Policy trade-off in the long run: A new Keynesian model with technological change and money growth

In this study, we introduce a constant rate of technological change and money growth into the standard new Keynesian model, in which both prices and nominal wages are supposed to be sticky. Using such a model, we examine whether a policy trade-off exists between curbing inflation and stabilizing the welfare-relevant output gap in the steady state. If we take only price stickiness into consideration, a policy trade-off does not occur. However, if both nominal wage stickiness and price stickiness are taken into consideration, a policy trade-off occurs.     

Asymmetric responses of money demand to oil price shocks in Saudi Arabia: a non-linear ARDL approach

Saudi Arabia is an open oil-based economy with fixed exchange rates; therefore, it has limited monetary policy autonomy. Using non-linear autoregressive distributed lag approach, this article investigates the asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on the demand of money in Saudi Arabia over the period 1990:Q1–2014:Q4. The empirical results show evidence of positive long run but asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on the money demand. In particular, we find that the positive oil price shocks are more important than negative shocks. Therefore, two policy responses can be considered: either sustaining the fixed exchange rate regime and following an economic diversification policy or switching towards a flexible exchange rate regime to achieve price stability. In that case, the existence of a stable money demand function in Saudi Arabia is a necessary precondition for adopting a monetary policy strategy targeted to price stability using instruments like money targeting.     

Optimal fiscal and monetary policy under sticky prices

This paper studies optimal fiscal and monetary policy under sticky product prices. The theoretical framework is a stochastic production economy. The government finances an exogenous stream of purchases by levying distortionary income taxes, printing money, and issuing nominal non-state-contingent bonds. The main findings of the paper are: First, for a miniscule degree of price stickiness (i.e., many times below available empirical estimates) the optimal volatility of inflation is near zero. Second, small deviations from full price flexibility induce near random walk behavior in government debt and tax rates. Finally, price stickiness induces deviation from the Friedman rule.     

HETEROGENEITY IN A CURRENCY UNION WITH SOCIAL MARKET OBJECTIVES

In this paper, we explore whether heterogeneity among union members could threaten the stability of the European Monetary Union. The types of heterogeneity we consider are (1) asymmetries in the transmission of monetary and fiscal policies, and (2) differences in national preferences for price stability, output growth, and income redistribution. Our results show that the costs of membership can be significant for countries whose transmissions, structure, or preferences deviate from those underlying the common monetary policy. In part, these costs arise because monetary policy imposed by an independent central bank automatically constrains the use of fiscal policy by national governments.     

The causal nexus of money,output and prices in Malaysia

Using Geweke's approach to Wiener–Granger causality,bidirectional causation between money supply and nominal output were detected. Inflation in Malaysia is essentially a monetary phenomenon. The empirical findings suggest that by controlling money supply, the central bank might be able to successfully maintain price stability at producer's level but not at consumer's level unless narrow money stock is bring targeted. Serious attempts by the central bank to tighten money supply could have a strong feedback on real output and even instaneous impact on nominal output     

Labor market search, sticky prices, and interest rate policies

What accounts for the significant real effects of monetary policy shocks? And what accounts for the persistent and hump shaped responses of output and inflation in response to such shocks? These questions are investigated in a model that incorporates labor market search, habit persistence, sticky prices, and policy inertia. While habit persistence and price stickiness are important for the hump shaped output response and the long, drawn out inflation response, respectively, labor market frictions increase the output response and reduce the inflation response relative to an otherwise similar model based on a Walrasian labor market. Significantly, policy inertia itself is found to be the most important factor in accounting for the magnitude of the output effects of policy shocks in the model.     

Foreign Money Shocks and the Welfare Performance of Alternative Monetary Policy Regimes*

The welfare properties of monetary policy regimes for a country subject to foreign money shocks are examined in a two‐country sticky‐price model. Money targeting is found to be welfare superior to a fixed exchange rate when the expenditure switching effect of exchange rate changes is relatively weak, but a fixed rate is superior when the expenditure switching effect is strong. However, price targeting is superior to both these regimes for all values of the expenditure switching effect. A welfare‐maximising monetary rule yields lower output and exchange rate volatility than price targeting for a wide range of parameter values.     

The effects of monetary policy in a small open economy: the case of Portugal

In this article, I analyse the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy on the Portuguese economy. I show that a positive interest rate shock leads to: (i) a contraction of real GDP and a substantial increase of the unemployment rate; (ii) a quick fall in the commodity price and a gradual decrease of the price level and (iii) a downward correction of the stock price index. It also produces a ‘short-lived liquidity effect’ and helps explain the negative comovement between bonds and stocks. In addition, I find evidence suggesting the existence of a money demand function characterized by small output and interest rate elasticities. By its turn, the central bank’s policy rule follows closely the dynamics of the money markets. Finally, both the real GDP and the price level in Portugal would have been higher during almost the entire sample period if there were no monetary policy surprises.