东亚货币合作问题及实现途径研究

本文从经济政策协调与监督、区域融资便利和紧急救援机制、东亚汇率制度安排和区域内单一货币四个层面,深刻分析东亚货币合作的理论动因、新进展、制约因素及实现途径,认为东亚各国只有加强区域内各国信息沟通与政策协调、建立区域性紧急融资救援管理机构、构建东亚汇率合作机制和区域内单一货币,才能有效地进行东亚货币合作,最终实现东亚货币合作的目标。     

试论东亚汇率合作协调的必要性和可能性

加强东亚汇率制度的合作协调,是加强东亚货币合作,实现货币一体化的核心阶段。东亚金融危机和东亚现行汇率制度的弊端表明东亚汇率合作协调是非常必要的。最优货币区标准的实证分析表明:东亚实行固定汇率区基本是可行的。但由于东亚各种经济和政治因素的制约,东亚进行汇率合作和协调必须分层次,分阶段,分区域,逐步推进。     

区域货币合作的国际实践与启示

本文在回顾了区域货币合作的主要历程的基础上,通过对欧、美、非三种货币合作的动因、模式、汇率制度等方面的比较后,得出启示:通过成员国之间的政策协调来实现货币联盟和单一货币、汇率稳定不仅在理论上是可能的,在实际上也是可行的。区域货币合作是今后一段时间内亚洲货币金融合作的重点,宏观经济政策协调是区域货币合作稳步推进的保障。     

东亚汇率协调机制与中国的理性选择

1997年亚洲金融危机之后,汇率协调的重要性已在东亚各国政府及经济学界形成共识.对于如何建立东亚汇率协调机制,许多国家政府和经济学家都提出了解决方案,并进行了大量的实证研究.如东亚日元区方案、东亚美元本位方案、一篮子目标区爬升钉住方案、亚洲汇率机制方案以及编制亚洲货币单位方案等.但是,通过对比分析各种协调方案认为,目前在亚洲还不存在一种可行的稳定的汇率协调机制,因此,谋求人民币在亚洲地区作为关键货币的地位才是中国在东亚货币合作中的最大利益所在.     

建立东亚货币联盟的可行性分析

1997年东南亚金融危机的迅速扩散以及亚洲货币的竞争性贬值，引起了东亚各经济体对区域金融合作的关注。为了有效防范和化解危机，东亚各国已经开始积极讨论东亚金融合作的形式，提出了很多建设性的构想。事实上，近年来东亚区域的金融货币合作有了很大的进展。本文对实现东亚货币联盟的背景，现实基础及进展，以及存在的困难进行了探讨。并对中国在东亚金融合作中应采取的策略提出了建议。     

提升人民币在东亚地区主导地位的难点与策略

提升人民币在东亚地区主导货币地位是稳定国际货币体系、推进东亚货币合作的重要举措,是目前提升人民币国际货币地位的重要途径。尽管中国的宏观经济条件和人民币国际化的初步成果使得人民币具备了在东亚地区提升主导地位的基础条件,但仍然面临来自各方的压力与挑战,包括东亚美元体制的制约、日本的竞争、区域内其他国家的认同、国内的金融开放度和货币区域化带来的风险与成本等。为此,提升人民币在东亚区域的主导货币地位,需要在五个方面取得突破:第一,弱化人民币对美元体制的依赖;第二,利用国情优势扩大人民币的金融版图;第三,利用地缘优势开展与近邻国家的次区域金融合作;第四,借助上海自贸区探索人民币国际化的新路径;第五,在东亚范围内扩大人民币的多元功能来规避"人民币升值萧条"。     

论东亚汇率协调机制的建立对中国的影响

在经济全球化条件下,国际间政策协调成为一种必然的要求,而货币领域的合作是其中很重要的一个方面。在全球的区域货币合作中,东亚地区虽然迄今无所作为,但经历20世纪末的金融危机以后,无论从主观态度上、还是从客观意义上都迫切地希望解决货币汇率的稳定性问题。建立东亚汇率协调机制是其中一个比较务实的设想,人民币将在此协调机制中扮演货币"双锚"中的一锚的角色。本文主要分析人民币在此汇率协调机制中的定位对中国带来的相应影响。     

东亚货币合作的制约因素与政策建议

根据建立货币区的相关衡量标准,目前东亚地区还存在着经济趋同障碍、政治障碍、第N种货币问题以及缺乏区域性的超国家货币管理机构等制约因素.因此,现阶段尚无法建立东亚货币合作区.目前较为现实的选择是分阶段渐进推进东亚货币一体化进程,包括加强区域内的多边汇率政策协调、建立次区域货币区、最终建立东亚共同货币区.     

外部供需冲击视角下的东亚货币合作可行性研究

区域货币合作在维护区域金融稳定、促进区域经济发展方面具有不可替代的作用。欧洲主权债务危机爆发后,人们对东亚能否继续进行货币合作产生了疑问,有必要结合欧债危机产生的新情况、新问题,从新的视角探讨东亚货币合作的可行性。文章从供给与需求两方面的经济结构冲击对称性视角,对东亚10个经济体之间的冲击相关系数、冲击规模与调整速度进行了实证分析,证实了东亚区域不同经济体之间存在着不同的对称性,具有双边和次区域货币合作的经济基础。同时文章提出东亚区域未来货币合作的形式、实现路径和风险防范措施。     

转换成本视角下的东亚货币博弈研究

作者从国际货币替代的转换成本理论视角.运用数理分析和博弈论方法,定性与定量相结合,研究东亚各国货币博弈榕局.货币合作对东亚国家是共赢博弈;中日两国与东亚其他国家呈现"智猪博弈",中国和日本从货币合作中将获得更大收益;中日两国当前是类"斗鸡博弈",在货币合作中,中日围绕货币主导权的竞争不可避免.中国要积极推进东亚货币合作和人民币国际化进程,力争成为东亚主导货币.     

东亚货币合作：现实动因与可行性分析

蒙代尔(2000)预言,在未来10年内将出现三大货币区:欧元区、美元区和亚洲货币区,即“稳定性三岛”。东亚主要经济体构建统一货币区具有可行性。加强子区域货币合作,逐步融合为大的货币区,对于建立以次区域合作为基础、制度化建设为依托、动态的渐进式东亚货币合作模式具有重大意义。     

MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY EFFICIENCY AND COORDINATION IN A MULTI‐SECTOR OPEN‐ECONOMY GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL

The paper analyzes monetary and fiscal stabilization and coordination in a multi‐sector stochastic new open economy macroeconomics (NOEM) model. It first aims to assess the capacity of fiscal and monetary policy to reduce or eliminate the negative welfare effects of an unanticipated productivity shock affecting some or all of the sectors in each country. Second, it evaluates the possible gains from international monetary cooperation as well as the impact of active fiscal policy on the welfare performance of monetary policy. The setup also allows for international asymmetry concerning the uncertainty over the shocks. The results show that monetary and fiscal policies are efficient tools of stabilization and under several conditions they can replicate the flexible‐price equilibrium. However, their welfare performance is not necessarily increased when both monetary and fiscal policies react to shocks at the national level. The existence of bilateral gains from monetary cooperation depends on the degree of asymmetry concerning the uncertainty over the shocks.     

贸易结算货币的新选择:稳定的篮子货币——对“金砖五国”货币合作的探讨

文章研究"金砖五国"货币合作的可能形式,构建了稳定的篮子货币作为贸易结算货币,为货币合作提供政策建议。文章首先考察了汇率之间的关系,认为一种货币的加权几何平均汇率能够消除不同货币表示币值的差异,在此基础上构建了篮子货币指数;其次研究了篮子货币波动最小的货币权重的选取,通过最优化方法获得最优权重;最后模拟计算了"金砖五国"篮子货币的权重,并探讨了如何把篮子货币最优权重转化为具体的货币篮子,同时给出了篮子货币和各国货币之间的汇率关系。     

应对新冠疫情冲击的货币政策国际协调*

新冠疫情冲击了世界经济增长和金融市场稳定。很多国家推出极度宽松货币政策应对危机。从经典货币政策国际协调的博弈理论来看，应对本次疫情冲击的各国货币政策协调性不足，“以邻为壑”的非合作均衡效果明显。为数不多的货币政策协调也存在执行力不足、深度与广度不够、新兴市场国家话语权低等问题。在世界经济紧密联系、货币政策溢出效应加强的背景下，为了应对疫情冲击，国际组织需要创设协议和合作剩余分配机制，寻找货币政策刺激效果和防止国际资产泡沫之间的平衡，加强政策沟通和信息共享，提高新兴市场国家话语权，建设有效的应对危机的货币政策国际协调机制。中国应在“一带一路”倡议的框架下建立长期货币政策协调机制，在现有的IMF和G20等平台上发挥发达国家与新兴市场国家之间的协调桥梁作用，通过持续开展央行间技术性合作等措施参与和推进协调进程。     

Transmission of monetary policy and exchange rate shocks under foreign currency lending

This paper analyses the differences in reaction of domestic and foreign currency lending to monetary and exchange rate shocks, using a panel VAR model estimated for the three biggest Central and Eastern European countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary). Our results point toward a drop in domestic currency loans and an increase of foreign currency credit in reaction to monetary policy tightening in Poland and Hungary, suggesting that the presence of foreign currency debt weakens the transmission of monetary policy. A currency depreciation shock leads to an initial decline in foreign currency lending, but also in loans denominated in domestic currency as central banks react to a weaker exchange rate by increasing the interest rates. However, after several quarters, credit in foreign currency accelerates, indicating that borrowers start using it to substitute for depressed domestic currency lending.     

美元化与区域货币的合作关系

美元化是区域化在国际货币体系方面的一个重要体现,而作为一种事实、一种过程或政策,在各国民间或官方活动中,美元化已成为区域货币合作的一种重要方式.美元化既是区域货币合作发展的产物,另一方面它的发展也是区域货币合作的新实践,推动着区域货币合作的发展.各国在实施美元化的过程中应该注意强化本位货币作用和计价货币作用、外汇储备应保持适度规模和多样性以及发挥在区域经济合作中的作用.     

Macroprudential policy and the inward transmission of monetary policy: The case of Chile,Mexico, and Russia

This paper studies whether domestic macroprudential policy may attenuate the inward transmission of monetary policy shocks from the United States to domestic bank lending growth in three emerging market economies—Chile, Mexico, and Russia. Identification relies on banks’ heterogeneous exposure to prudential policies and the fact that foreign monetary policy shocks are exogenous from the perspective of these economies. After analyzing the effects of the aggregate domestic prudential policy stance, we focus on specific prudential policies targeting mortgage and consumer loans, as well as foreign‐currency deposits. Although our overall results are mixed, we find evidence that the strength of international monetary policy spillovers varies depending on the stance of domestic macroprudential policy. In particular, a tighter reserve requirement stance over foreign‐currency deposits in Chile dampens the effect of an international monetary policy shock on domestic local‐currency lending, but reinforces that on foreign‐currency lending, whereas in Russia, it dampens the effect on both local‐currency and foreign‐currency lending, although to different degrees. Prudential policies targeting the asset side of banks’ balance sheets, such as mortgage loans or consumer credit, are found to amplify international monetary policy spillovers in some cases and attenuate it in others, depending on the country context.     

中国货币政策工具的协调性分析及对策

运用向量自回归(VAR)模型和Johansan协整检验,对中国货币政策工具之间协调性进行分析,结果表明:货币政策工具的各项指标之间存在不同程度的依存关系,而央行贷款利率始终能有效地抑制外汇占款,因此应加强货币政策工具的配合使用及合理控制外汇占款.     

Monetary policy and exchange market pressure–evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of monetary policy on foreign exchange market pressure (EMP) in developing country contexts for some selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and to measure the ability of monetary policy to significantly address currency pressures that arise from trading on the global market. This study was motivated by the fact that most of the SSA countries are developing economies that have negative net export positions and stand to lose significantly from consistently deteriorating foreign exchange position. The study, therefore, employs a dynamic panel model to test the hypothesis that a tighter monetary policy stance lends strength to a currency and vice versa, using 20 SSA economies for the period from 1991 to 2010. This study finds a negative and significant relationship between monetary policy and EMP, implying an easing of EMP in the face of contractionary monetary policy. The findings also point to significant relations between aggregate output, levels of public debt, the current account balance, terms of trade and EMP. Findings of this study have important implications as regards the policy direction on exchange rate and currency management.     

International monetary policy coordination under asymmetric shocks

This paper analyzes whether international monetary policy coordination is the best response to economic interdependence. The paper develops a macroeconomic model in which countries show different preferences regarding objectives when faced with asymmetric disturbances and analyzes in strategic terms how monetary policy can deal with real, monetary, and supply-side shocks. It further shows how the desirability of monetary policy coordination depends on the presence of asymmetric shocks and also on the nature of disturbances, the channel of transmission, and the asymmetry of preferences. Finally, the paper derives the conditions under which monetary policy coordination proves to be desirable.