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1.
Are There Income Effects on Global Willingness to Pay for Biodiversity Conservation? 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper is concerned with the empirical relationship between biodiversity conservation values and income. We use random
effects panel models to examine the effects of income, and then GDP per capita, on willingness to pay for habitat and biodiversity
conservation. In a meta-analysis, 145 Willingness To Pay estimates for biodiversity conservation where existence value plays
a major role were collected from 46 contingent valuation studies across six continents. Other effects included in the meta-analysis
were the study year; habitat type; continent; scope as presented to respondents; whether WTP bids were for preventing a deterioration
or gaining an improvement in conservation, whether a specific species or specific habitat was protected; whether the questionnaire
used a dichotomous choice or an open-ended format; distribution format; and the choice of payment vehicle. GDP per capita
seemed to perform as well as an explanatory variable as respondent’s mean stated income, indicating that it is wealth in society
as a whole which determines variations in WTP. Even if large variation, our main conclusion is, that the demand for biodiversity
conservation rises with a nation’s wealth, but the income elasticity of willingness to pay is less than one. 相似文献
2.
Chuan-zhong Li Jari Kuuluvainen Eija Pouta Mika Rekola Olli Tahvonen 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2004,29(3):361-374
This paper is concerned with the preferences of the Finnish households for a controversial nature conservation program – the European Union's Natura 2000 Network. Since the program was mainly based on biological considerations, it met strong public opinions from different interest groups in Finland. Using the choice experimental method, we attempt to estimate the values that the Finnish households would place on different preservation levels. It is found that the mean willingness to accept for a decrease in the nature preservation area is much greater than the mean willingness to pay for an increase by the same amount. Also, the marginal willingness to pay becomes zero after an initial increase in the natural preservation area, which is consistent with our earlier findings in a binary choice valuation study. Policy implications of these results are also discussed in relation to different decision criteria. 相似文献
3.
Price Premiums for Eco-friendly Commodities: Are ‘Green’ Markets the Best Way to Protect Endangered Ecosystems? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
‘Green’ markets represent a means through which public goods can be privately provided. A green product is an impure public
good consisting of a private good (e.g., rain forest honey) bundled with a jointly produced public good (e.g., biodiversity
protection). In the context of ecosystem protection, popular green commodities include eco-tourism excursions, coffee grown
under forest canopies (‘shade-grown’), tagua nuts for buttons and ornaments, rainforest nuts and oils for cosmetic products,
and rain forest honey. We examine the dynamic efficiency of eco-friendly price premiums in achieving ecosystem protection
and rural welfare goals by contrasting the use of price premiums to the use of payments that are tied directly to ecosystem
protection. We demonstrate analytically and empirically that direct payments are likely to be more efficient as a conservation
policy instrument. Depending on the available funds, the direct payments may be better or worse than green price premiums
in achieving rural welfare objectives. If direct payments are not feasible for social or political reasons, we demonstrate
analytically and empirically that the price premium approach is likely to be more effective at achieving conservation and
development objectives than the currently more popular policy of subsidizing capital acquisition in eco-friendly commercial
activities. 相似文献
4.
Kenshi Itaoka Aya Saito Alan Krupnick Wiktor Adamowicz Taketoshi Taniguchi 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2006,33(3):371-398
The objective of this study is to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for the reduction of mortality risks caused by fossil
fuel (natural gas, coal and oil) versus nuclear electric power generation systems and to examine the influence of risk characteristics
involved with electric power generation on WTP. A choice experiment was conducted to achieve these objectives. The attributes
for nuclear risks in the experiment included the probability of disasters and the expected losses if a disaster occurs. We
find evidence of (i) a baseline effect (where WTP is sensitive to hypothetical versus actual baseline expected mortality);
(ii) a ‘labeling effect,’ where, surprisingly, the term ‘nuclear’ has no effect on WTP, but the term ‘fossil-fueled power
generation’ results in lower WTP; and (iii) disaster aversion, meaning that people focus on the conditional loss from a nuclear
disaster, not the probability. We also find that the WTP for reducing deaths from a nuclear disaster is about 60 times the
WTP for routine reducing fossil-fuel generation-related deaths. 相似文献
5.
R. Martínez-Espiñeira 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(2):335-360
The willingness to pay (WTP) for a coyote conservation program is estimated using a novel payment-vehicle, based on how many
‚problem’ coyotes respondents would be willing to sponsor for a year. This hypothetical scenario mimics an increasingly popular
type of actual market. Data from a phone survey conducted in Prince Edward Island are analyzed using count data models that
consider different processes explaining zero responses and the level of positive responses. This is particularly important
in the case of coyotes, often regarded as an economic bad. Estimates of WTP per coyote per year around $18–$22 and annual
WTP per contributor of about $46–$57 are obtained.
相似文献
6.
7.
Biological diversity is a central component of the stock of natural capital on which all economic development is based. Other things being equal, loss of biologically diversity implies loss of development potential, and its conservation through sustainable use or outright protection implies the protection of that potential. One characteristics of biodiversity loss of especial importance is that biodiversity loss, more than any other current environmental problem, is associated with ecological threshold effects. The paper explores the implication of this characteristics for the properties of a biodiversity conservation strategy. 相似文献
8.
The formation of human capital is important for a society’s welfare and economic success. Recent literature shows that child
health can provide an important explanation for disparities in children’s human capital development across different socio-economic
groups. While this literature focuses on cognitive skills as determinants of human capital, it neglects non-cognitive skills.
We analyze data from economic experiments with preschoolers and their mothers to investigate whether child health can explain
developmental gaps in children’s non-cognitive skills. Our measure for children’s non-cognitive skills is their willingness
to compete with others. Our findings suggest that health problems are negatively related to children’s willingness to compete
and that the effect of health on competitiveness differs with socio-economic background. Health has a strongly negative effect
in our sub-sample with low socio-economic background, whereas there is no effect in our sub-sample with high socio-economic
background. 相似文献
9.
Michael H. Böheim 《Empirica》2011,38(3):315-330
The financial crisis brought great challenges also for competition policy. The aim of this paper is to summarize the most
important insights for competition policy that could be derived from the turbulent period 2008–2010. The financial crisis
is seen as project that demanded sound management from competition policy and enforcement. The insights will be presented
in the instructive form of ‘lessons learnt’ which represents a common approved project management technique. We come to the
result that the financial crisis is not the result of ‘too much competition’, but of regulatory failure and that the main
answers to the financial crisis have to come from ‘smart regulation’. The relaxation of competition policy would be the wrong
policy response in troubled times since competition policy can play an important role in bringing the crisis economy back
on track. In contrast to banking we see no economic rationale for rescue packages for other economic sectors by referring
to systemic risk. The renaissance of industrial policy is viewed with great skepticism since empirical evidence shows that
the effort of picking ‘winners’ all too often results in saving ‘losers’. 相似文献
10.
This paper investigates the Keynesian view and the Wagner’s Law on the role of public expenditure on economic growth for Malaysia
(1970–2004). The empirical results using the Auto-Regression Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the ‘bounds test’ (Pesaran et
al. in J Appl Econ 16:289–326, 2001) showed evidence of a long run relationship between total expenditures (including expenditures
on defense, education, development and agriculture) and Gross National Product. The results also show that with the structural
break in 1998, the long run causality is bi-directional for GNP and expenditures on administration and health, supporting
both Keynes view and Wagner’s Law. For all other expenditure categories the long run causality runs from GNP to the expenditures,
which supports Wagner’s Law.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献