旅游目的地周边地区旅游形象设计研究——以陕西省柞水县为例

旅游地形象策划的研究是旅游规划中的重要内容,对开发和经营旅游资源具有重要作用.柞水县是陕西南北旅游走廊的主轴线上的重要节点,研究其旅游形象设计,对于西安旅游目的地与周边地区的旅游一体化发展具有重要的理论和实践意义.在阐述柞水县区位和旅游资源特征的基础上,重点探讨了其旅游形象识别,构建了包括理念基础、整体形象、宣传口号和产品形象等在内较为全面的旅游形象系统.     

安阳旅游形象设计问题分析

安阳的旅游形象是该城市的总体形象的重要组成部分,在一定程度上代表了安阳的总体形象。塑造安阳旅游形象,不仅能增加旅游产品的吸引力和竞争力,提高旅游经济效益,而且能促进安阳的社会文明和进步。结合实际情况,分析安阳旅游形象设计的核心和定位,提出塑造安阳旅游形象的基本思路,并梳理出安阳市旅游形象设计的措施和方法。     

区域旅游形象塑造如何避开形象遮蔽现象

由于旅游形象模糊或形象设计不当 ,旅游地很容易陷入形象遮蔽的怪圈。文章以金佛山国家级风景名胜区为例 ,指出个性化、差异化的全新形象定位是摆脱形象遮蔽的惟一出路 ,并通过对金佛山文脉的分析 ,运用旅游形象设计的理论与方法 ,构建了金佛山旅游形象识别系统。     

长江三角洲区域旅游形象设计和开拓研究

区域旅游形象是指旅游目的地的产品和服务在人们心目中形成的总体印象和评价，设计具有鲜明特色，已越来越受到各方的重视。文章以长江三角洲地区为例，研究探讨了区域旅游形象设计的驱动机制，通过分析自然背景、历史文化背景等地方性特征以及旅游客源市场受众调查，进行了区域旅游形象设计定位，提出了包括整体形象、口号设计、视觉设计、行为设计等在内的较为全面的区域旅游形象系统。     

区域形象设计——区域发展战略研究的新课题

本文探讨了区域形象系统的概念、特点和功能,分析了区域形象系统的基本结构以及区域理念识别系统、区域行为识别系统和区域视觉识别系统的意义。总结了由历史形象、现实形象和发展形象构成的区域总体形象评价体系。提出了区域形象设计的主要工作步骤．指出区域系统是较企业更为复杂的系统．区域形象设计除要吸取企业形象设计的理论方法外．还应发展自己的理论与方法。     

吐鲁番葡萄沟景区旅游形象定位及塑造研究

本文首先分析了旅游形象对于一个旅游目的地的重要性以及吐鲁番葡萄沟景区建立旅游形象的紧迫性。然后结合吐鲁番葡萄沟景区的实际,分析其旅游资源的现状及特色,运用调查问卷的形式对吐鲁番葡萄沟景区的旅游形象进行受众调查,并对其旅游形象替代性进行分析,然后定位吐鲁番葡萄沟景区的旅游主题形象,最后从理念形象(MI)、视觉形象(VI)、行为形象(BI)、旅游形象传播四个方面对其旅游形象进行塑造。     

吐鲁番葡萄沟景区旅游形象定位及塑造研究

本文首先分析了旅游形象对于一个旅游目的地的重要性以及吐鲁番葡萄沟景区建立旅游形象的紧迫性.然后结合吐鲁番葡萄沟景区的实际,分析其旅游资源的现状及特色,运用调查问卷的形式对吐鲁番葡萄沟景区的旅游形象进行受众调查.并对其旅游形象替代性进行分析,然后定位吐鲁番葡萄沟景区的旅游主题形象,最后从理念形象(MI)、视觉形象(VI)、行为形象(BI)、旅游形象传播四个方面对其旅游形象进行塑造.     

城市旅游形象设计浅议

一、城市旅游形象设计的内涵 城市旅游形象是指城市内部的居民与外来旅游者对城市“硬件”(城市整体环境、景点建设特色等)与“软件”(服务质量、居民行为等)的感知、印象、评价的综合。它是一个综合的概念,是物质的、精神的、文化的综合体;它又是一个动态的概     

城市旅游形象设计浅析

随着旅游业的蓬勃发展,旅游产品的竞争越来越激烈,进行旅游地形象策划和推广显得越来越重要。在对城市旅游形象的概念解读的基础上,本文主要将服务于城市旅游形象设计的环境要素分为城市实体要素及城市空间要素两个部分,将其逐一分析。并提出城市旅游形象的塑造应基于城市独特的个性。     

区域形象设计研究——以徐州市为例

区域形象是指区域内外公众对区域的整体印象和评价。良好的区域形象是区域发展的重要的战略资源和一笔无形资产，是促进经济发展、增强区域软实力、提高区域竞争力和实现区域可持续发展的重要途径。区域形象设计是一个崭新的课题和全新的研究领域，是构成区域经济发展战略的一种全新思维。目前，更多的涉及区域旅游形象设计的研究，而关于区域形象系统的研究刚刚起步。笔者试图结合徐州市的具体实例，初步探讨区域形象设计研究的一般构架。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

新员工主动社会化行为与组织承诺关系研究——以社会资本为中介变量

为了探索新员工主动社会化行为影响组织承诺的过程,本文对来自企业的401个有效样本进行了实证分析。本研究运用层级回归的方法,控制了人口统计变量的影响后,发现员工的搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为对组织承诺有直接的正面影响,同时,通过员工社会资本对员工组织承诺产生了间接的正面影响。社会资本在员工搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为影响组织承诺的机制中起部分中介作用。员工的关系构建行为对组织承诺没有显著影响,但对员工社会资本存在显著的正面影响。     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.