我国蔬菜流通体制变迁背景、内容及方向

作为鲜活农产品,蔬菜流通体制对于流通效率、流通质量具有重要作用。新中国成立以来,我国蔬菜流通体制经过了多次改革。本文主要对新中国成立以来我国蔬菜流通体制变迁进行了梳理,分析了历次蔬菜流通体制变迁的背景、改革的内容。总体上看,我国蔬菜流通体制经历了从计划到市场的改革,蔬菜流通质量和流通效率显著提高。     

市场农业与农业机构改革

随着农业由计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转变,农产品的生产、加工、流通等运作环节紧密连接,正在朝着经营一体化发展。在这种情况下,原来按照计划经济体制设置的与农业相关的政府机构,已不适应市场农业发展的需要,农业管理机构的改革应提到议事日程上来。一、市场农业要求实行农业经营一体化。长期以来,在计划经济体制条件下,农产品的生产、加工和流通等运作环节,是由不同的经济主体来完成。其中,农产品的生产由农民来实现;农产品加工由加工企业来实现,而且多数加工企业设在城市;农产品的流通由国合商贸部门的销售企业来实现。…     

关于农产品流通和追溯系统的思考

通过对农产品流通市场现状、存在问题及原因的分析,探讨了农产品流通的规范化与安全性之间的关系,论述了农业合作经济在农产品市场流通中的主渠道作用,提出了构建农产品追溯系统建立的模式.     

搞活农产品流通建设“菜篮子”工程——白云山农产品综合批发市场的建立

重点谈了白云山农产品综合批发市场的建立。广州市区消费人口有400万,市民对鲜活产品需求量不断上升。近年来广州农业虽然得到迅速发展.但由于农产品流通设施和流通体制不够完善。致使流通滞后的矛盾又突出起来,因此,组建大型的现代化的农产品批发市场日趋紧迫。白云山农产品综合批发市场由白云农工商集团公司为主负责组建,该市场是一个高标准、多功能、多层次、设备先进、管理现代化的市场,全天搞现货交易,也搞期货交易,同时为农产品深加工创造了条件。该市场吸引不少国内外客户参加运作,成为一个外向型农产品交易所。     

电子商务环境下辽宁省农产品物流发展对策研究

2015年中央一号文件提出创新农产品流通方式,加快全国农产品市场体系转型升级,着力加强设施建设和配套服务,健全交易制度;完善全国农产品流通骨干网络,加大重要农产品仓储物流设施建设力度;支持电商、物流、商贸等企业参与涉农电子商务平台建设等.本文针对我省农产品物流现状提出以城镇为基础建立农产品电商物流产业园,整合物流资源和实行产业化生产的策略.     

日本政府保障农产品流通的政策与措施

随着战后日本经济的高速增长和“内需、消费主导型”经济结构的形成,以“保证高消费”为主要特征的日本农产品流通体制已日臻完善。其间,日本政府在保障农产品流通过程中,通过建立市场竞争机制,实行高度统一管理,在保证国民生活需求、稳定市场与价格方面,发挥了积极的作用。具体表现在以下四个方面。     

农产品流通：关于制度因素和市场因素的思考

我国农产品流通体制改革经历了四个阶段，针对存在的国有粮食企业定位不准，转制困难，购销体制运行不畅，顺价不顺销等问题，应积极探索新的流通形式，并在近期和远期实现不同的流通体制政策。近期应注意重点发挥制度因素的作用，实行国家宏观调控下的双轨运行；远期应重点发挥市场因素的作用，在政府宏观调控下放开经营，放开价格。     

对现阶段票据流通情况的调查与思考

市场经济的发展，必须依托丰富的交易商品和发达的市场流通体系，故票据流通作为现代信用支付手段，在市场流通各环节中所发挥的作用越来越重要。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立，票据已逐步进入经济生活的各个领域，并在短期内得到了较大发展，成为社会经济生活中企...     

市场化进程中农产品流通中介组织的几个问题——以农产品批发市场为例

我国即将加入ＷＴＯ，农业面临的挑战更多地来自农产品加工和农产品流通领域。随着我国农业市场化程度的提高，市场对农业生产经营的导向和约束作用不断加强，这要求农民成为真正的市场主体。但是长期计划经济体制的影响，农民进入市场的组织化程度很低，农民进入市场需借助适当的中介组织。本文以农产品批发市场为例，在分析中介组织涵义的基础上，重点探讨中介组织的职能、作用以及作用发挥的制度基础。     

农产品“柠檬困境”中的市场主体分析--基于信息不对称下的农产品市场视角

目前,农产品市场交易中的信息不对称现象十分明显,这既与农产品本身的特征有关,也与农产品生产者素质有关;既与农资经商有关,也与农产品流通体系的不健全相联系;既与消费者搜寻成本有关,也与政府监管错位有关;这些都促成我国农产品市场的信息不对称,最直接的后果就是柠檬市场。从参与农产品市场主体角度出发,分析造成农产品“柠檬”市场的主要原因,并提出一些对策。     

Sunk Costs, Market Access, Economic Integration, and Welfare

The nature of the equilibrium that arises after economic integration is shown to depend crucially on how initial entry costs are divided along two separate dimensions: market access versus technology costs, and fixed versus sunk costs. There are three post-integration equilibrium regimes: a traditional trade theory regime which arises when both market access costs and fixed costs are small, a new trade theory regime which arises when market access costs are small but fixed costs are high, and a market access regime which arises when market access costs are high. While the first two regimes have already appeared in the literature, the third is new. The sign, magnitude, and qualitative behavior of the welfare effects of integration across all three regimes depend on the configuration of these costs.     

Switching costs, consumer heterogeneity and price discrimination

In a duopoly with price discrimination and switching costs, we analyse the evolution of market structure, when an incumbent and a new entrant compete, and a new class of users with lower willingness to pay appears in the market. We find that the market share of the new entrant depends on the degree of heterogeneity and the level of switching costs. In particular, if the degree of heterogeneity is intermediate, the evolution of market structure is similar for high and null switching costs. Since consumer surplus and social welfare are unambiguously lower under high switching costs, this result points at the risk of inferring the degree of market competitiveness from the convergence in market shares.     

QUALITY CHOICE AND MARKET STRUCTURE: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF NURSING HOME OLIGOPOLIES

This article develops a dynamic model of entry and exit to analyze quality choice and oligopoly market structure in the nursing home industry. I find significant heterogeneity in the competitive effects across market structures: Firms of similar quality levels compete more strongly than dissimilar firms. Sunken entry costs are extremely large, and quality adjustment behavior is governed by significant fixed adjustment costs. A proposal to eliminate low‐quality nursing homes is found to cause a large supply‐side shortage, and another proposal to lower entry costs has offered a perverse incentive to provide low quality of care.     

Regional integration and innovation offshoring with occupational choice and endogenous growth

We study the effects of regional integration on patterns of production and offshoring in a two-region model of occupational choice and endogenous growth. The distribution of asset wealth and allocation of heterogenous workers into innovation and production determines relative market size. When trade costs and knowledge dispersion are high (low), the asset wealthy (poor) region has a larger market and greater shares of innovation and manufacturing. For low to intermediate levels of trade costs, innovation and manufacturing offshoring flows toward the larger region, but when trade costs and knowledge dispersion are high, offshoring flows from the larger asset wealthy region to the smaller asset poor region. Economic growth is unaffected by the shifts in innovation and production that coincide with changes in relative market size.     

Southern Multinationals

Investments in the North by Southern firms are still unusual. While such investments may be motivated by tariff jumping and internalization, casual empiricism suggests that such reverse DFI may be motivated by improved technology access. This paper examines, within a theoretical framework, whether enhanced technology access provides sufficient motivation for the endogenous formation of southern multinationals. Southern firms are most likely to establish northern subsidiaries in industries with rapid technological obsolescence; when global sales are high relative to DFI costs; and when domestic production costs are high. Neither market power nor significant market shares are a prerequisite for southern multinationals.     

转换成本视角下互联网企业的创新竞争策略

在转换成本和网络效应存在下互联网产业通过产品创新活动争夺市场份额。某些“创新”的主要目的为排除竞争。互联网产业一个典型的发展过程是：企业依靠外部融资支撑的策略性创新，降低消费者向其产品转换的成本，争夺市场份额，并在投资约束的限制下走向合并，最终抬高了市场集中度。特别的，转换成本的存在让企业有动力通过事前控制转换成本的创新，争夺事后的市场势力，并且“收割”事后锁定的用户。     

Export Market Performance of OECD Countries: An Empirical Examination of the Role of Cost Competitiveness

We investigate the relationship between export market shares and relative unit labour costs using a long panel of 12 manufacturing industries across 14 OECD countries. We ask how sensitive are export market shares to changes in relative costs and what determines this sensitivity? Both costs and embodied technology are important, but neither can fully explain changing export positions. We explore whether residual country-specific trends might be linked to 'deep' structural features of economies. Sensitivity to labour costs is lower in high tech industries and core ERM countries. Industry elasticities have increased, especially in industries subject to increasing product market competition.     

INCENTIVES AND THE COST OF FIRING IN AN EQUILIBRIUM LABOR MARKET MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS LAYOFFS*

I study the effects of firing costs in an equilibrium model of the labor market with moral hazard. Layoff is an incentive device, modeled as termination of the optimal long‐term contract. When the economy’s stock of firms is fixed, firing costs could reduce layoffs and increase worker welfare. In the long run when firms are free to enter and exit the market, firing costs generate not only lower employment, longer unemployment durations, and lower aggregate output, but also lower welfare for both employed workers and new labor market entrants.     

Wage bargaining and turnover costs with heterogenous labor and perfect history screening

We study effects of mobility costs in a model of (Nash) wage bargaining between workers and firms, with instantaneous matching, heterogeneous workers, identical firms and free firm entry, and where firms can screen workers perfectly according to their previous work history but not their actual productivity. We derive the employment level and the minimum worker quality standard, in the market solution, and in the efficient solution established by a social planner. When workers have positive bargaining power, there is always some inefficient unemployment among desired workers in the market solution. The lowest hiring standard chosen by firms is higher than the planner's standard when firing costs are high relative to hiring costs, but may be lower in the opposite case. We show that any higher established hiring standard corresponds to a market equilibrium. The model explains a tendency for a high initial unemployment rate to remain high, particularly for low-skilled workers.     

AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON RETAIL GASOLINE PRICE SEASONALITY

Stricter environmental standards on gasoline have had impacts on the prices of gasoline including the seasonality of gasoline prices. Using both national data and individual station data, the paper tests for a possible explanation for this increase. Three theories are tested: that gasoline seasonality increases due to higher costs, due to greater market power because of segmented markets, or due to greater asymmetry because of greater inattention on the part of customers. The results suggest that gasoline price seasonality has increased both due to higher costs and greater market power with mixed results on the inattention of consumers.(JEL Q41, Q53, Q58).