中国工业产业结构与企业技术研发行为的实证分析

产业结构升级一直是我国经济学界所关心的一个问题，工业产业的升级更是一个众所关注的焦点。本文在前人研究的基础上，利用中国工业产业数据，采用了经典的SCP范式模型．对熊彼特的两个经典假说进行了验证。发现竞争与企业利润同时对企业研发具有促进作用．熊彼特两个相互矛盾的结论同时得到了支持。通过对应分析，我们对中国工业内产业不同特点和企业不同特点进行了归类，提出国有企业在不同行业的产值比重是导致了这两个看似矛盾的结论同时并存的原因。     

中国工业生产率的增长与收敛

本文采用的数据包括1998年和2005年中国所有规模以上工业企业。我们主要探讨了三个问题。第一,中国工业经济的增长多大程度上是由生产率的改变所驱动的;第二,不同所有制类型的企业生产率表现有何差异,包括对国有企业和各种非国有企业的比较;第三,我们探讨了沿海、东北部、中部和西部等四个主要经济区域的生产率水平是否存在收敛的问题。我们发现企业进入和退出样本对生产率增长有着特殊的影响。在1998年至2005年间,这种进入和退出促进了中国工业生产率的增长,并且加快了内陆省份生产率对沿海地区的追赶。     

中国工业生产率的增长与收敛

本文采用的数据包括1998年和2005年中国所有规模以上工业企业。我们主要探讨了三个问题。第一,中国工业经济的增长多大程度上是由生产率的改变所驱动的;第二,不同所有制类型的企业生产率表现有何差异,包括对国有企业和各种非国有企业的比较;第三,我们探讨了沿海、东北部、中部和西部等四个主要经济区域的生产率水平是否存在收敛的问题。我们发现企业进入和退出样本对生产率增长有着特殊的影响。在1998年至2005年间,这种进入和退出促进了中国工业生产率的增长,并且加快了内陆省份生产率对沿海地区的追赶。     

工业企业增值税纳税筹划在工业企业中的应用

改革开放之初,不完善的市场机制使得我国存在很多偷税漏税的企业。而随着中国经济的发展,特别是加入世贸组织,中国越来越多的企业在政府政策的引导下向西方优质企业学习纳税筹划。而增值税在中国企业纳税额支出中的比重很大,工业企业作为最早出现的企业,加之09年元旦新制度的实施,如何在增值税制度下进行科学合理的税收筹划成为众多工业企业必须面对的现实问题。本文针对工业企业从供货人身份的选择、纳税时间、市场定价自主权三个方面进行了增值税税收筹划的解析。     

浅论高科技企业的知识创新

中国企业要生存和发展，必须解决三个基本问题：一是竞争力源泉，二是成长动力，三是发展道路。对于高科技企业，这三个问题的解决更为重要和迫切。文章对高科技企业的知识创新进行了探讨。     

中国工业中小企业行业分布实证研究

论文从“进入壁垒论”为研究中小企业行业分布的理论依据，运用“市场集中度法”、“企业数目法”、“企业规模比重法”，确定了我国各工业行业进入壁垒的程度，并划分为高、中、低三个等级。以此为据，对我国工业中小企业行业分布进行了实证分析，试图以大量的客观数据揭示我国中小企业的结构问题，以及由此而产生的一些深层次矛盾。     

全国国企减少亏损的发展趋势

到2000年,全国国有大中型企业经营状况能否改善,这是大家十分关心的问题。本文试对三年的发展趋势作一个简要的分析。国有大中型工业企业是我国国民经济发展的栋梁。1995年国有大中型工业企业为15668个,仅占全国工业企业单位数的0.2%,资产     

负债经营需要注意的几个问题

负债经营需要注意的几个问题夏冰西方国家的工业经济大体经历了起步─—发展─—发达三个阶段，现在正处于高度发达时期。纵观西方工业经济的发展过程，一个很重要的经验就是靠负债经营而获得成功。我国企业正面临着金融、投资、财政、税收和外贸体制大改革的新环境。要在...     

我国工业素质问题及其对策

我国工业化进入中期阶段．国民经济步入高速增长时期，但庞大的基础产业与所支撑的ＧＮＰ极为不对称．工业制成品供给结构与需求结构之间错位，出口产品换汇成本上各项．使得出口结构升级的同时出口企业经济效益下降．这表明我国工业的立业素质问题比瓶颈部门的数量制约更为严重。本文系统分析造成工业素质低下的三个主要因素，即工业技术装备陈旧、落后，自动化程度低，职工文化技术水平低；尤其是企业管理、产业组织和技术开发方面与现代化生产相距很远。为此．提出应把提高我国工业素质作为我国工业化的战略目标、现阶段的主要目标、提高我国工业素质的根本月标是提高出品的国际竞争能力和附加价值。提高工业素质必须从提高技术装备水平、劳动者素质和技术开发素质、经营管理素质等方面进行系统开发、相互配套协调、本文从上述四个方面提出应采取的措施与政策建议。     

思路决定出路--谈石家庄市国有工业的战略性调整

近几年来，石家庄市认真贯彻落实党的十五大和十五届四中、五中全会精神，加大了国企改革和结构调整的工作力度，国有工业经济效益有了提高，国有工业企业活力进一步增强。但是，面对我国加入WTO和世界经济一体化步伐的加快，国有工业企业存在的困难和问题仍十分突出，影响国有工业经济发展的一些深层次矛盾和问题尚未从根本上得到解决。主要表现在：一是整体效益不高。２０００年１９３家市属及以下国有工业企业平均资产利润率为０．７１％，低于全市入统工业平均水平３．６８个百分点。二是亏损面和亏损额都比较大。２０００年１９３家…     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.