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1.
滨河植物群落是城市生态景观系统的一个重要组成 部分,提高其绿化效果对城市居民的生活品质与城市的景观 建设都有着积极而广泛的影响。基于SBE景观美景度分析法 (Scenic Beauty Estimation,简称SBE分析法),对南京 市10个滨水公园内的40个样地的植物景观进行了实地调研。 调研收集的信息被制作成问卷调查表,信息通过计算被转化 为滨河园林植物群落景观的SBE值。计算结果显示,SBE值 最高的20块优秀样地得分由高到低是:B4、J3、B2、I4、 B1、I3、D1、J2、J1、C4、G4、B3、D4、A1、D3、 A2、D2、H1、E1、H4。通过对这20块优秀样地的图片进 行景观要素的分解和量化,又进一步建立了南京滨河植物群落 景观美景度评价模型:SBE=85.658+35.895×色彩和谐+ 71.750×尺度适宜-47.432×节奏韵律-32.782×宿根 花卉数量+35.146×宿根花卉-30.842×乔木背景面积。 成功运用SBE法对滨水植物配置进行了量化分解研究,为城市 滨水植物景观的研究提供新的思路。  相似文献   

2.
美景度评价方法可探究公众对不同植物绿色空间视觉质量的喜好程度,为植物空间的营造提供量化的设计依据。以武汉市城市公园、校园植物绿色空间为评估样地,选择与植景设计相关的控制因子建立美景度评价数量化模型,拟合出SBE=48.373+30.201×F1+38.150×F2+16.611× F3+11.703×F4的评估方程,并根据因子重要性得出绿量因子>空间开敞度因子>色相因子>冠幅因子的因子排序。  相似文献   

3.
苏丽  董建文  郑宇 《技术经济》2019,35(12):101
乡村景观的营建中,既要师法自然,遵从自然规律;又要师法于人,注重人的使用需求。通过问卷访谈法、德尔菲法和层次分析法、案例分析法,根据乡村景观营建中公众(活跃群体、资源群体、专业群体、弱势群体)需求情况,针对公众在方案规划与公示阶段的参与行为,构建了乡村景观营建中的公众参与式设计的评价指标体系,并以实际案例对评价指标体系进行了运用检验。评价指标体系包括美景度、实用性、可行性3个一级指标,10个二级指标和29个三级指标。3个一级指标的权重排序为:实用性(0.637 0)>可行性(0.258 3)>美景度(0.104 7)。指标体系在实际案例中运用效果良好。此评价指标体系为乡村景观营建中公众参与规划设计方案的评价筛选提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
为能够定量评估、优化植物景观规划设计方案,基 于虚拟现实技术,改进传统的BIB-LCJ法和SD法,采用主成 分分析和回归分析筛选出植物群落丰富度、色彩对比度、季相 特征、植物配置模式、植被多样性和林冠线变化6项显著视觉 特征要素,形成一种基于虚拟现实三维建模技术的植物景观规 划设计方案评价与修正方法。并以长荡湖旅游度假区植物景观 规划设计方案为例,对方案视觉质量进行评价,实验过程证明 了研究方法的可靠性。  相似文献   

5.
以贵阳市黔灵山公园为研究对象,选取24个植物景观单元。以生态适宜、景观适宜、社会适宜为准则层,建立山地公园植物景观景观适宜性评价体系。运用主成分分析确定评价指标权重,克服以往植物景观评价赋权重的主观性,建立山地公园植物景观景观适宜性评价模型,得到不同植物景观的景观适宜性指数。结果表明:黔灵山公园在适宜范围内的植物景观有10个,占评价单元总数的41.6%,适宜性较差的有14个,乔灌比(数量)在1:11.2~1.7:1之间的植物群落景观适宜性较好。根据评价结果,提出了3点山地公园植物景观营建策略,以期为山地公园植物景观评价及营建提供理论指导。  相似文献   

6.
以内蒙古乌兰察布市中心城区8个城市公园中的植 物景观空间为研究对象,使用行为观察法和行为地图法记录游 人的景观偏好与行为偏好,用相关性分析、方差分析研究植物 景观空间特征指标与游人偏好的关系,为提升游人在植物景观 空间的游憩体验、构建人性化城市公园提供参考。研究表明: 游人偏好水体与植物组合景观空间,且游人偏好与植物观赏特 性、季相变化、色彩构成呈显著正相关,与亲水性呈显著负相 关;游人喜欢在城市公园植物景观空间中欣赏美景和社交;游 人倾向于在野生植物种类少、可达性好的植物景观空间内进行 休闲娱乐活动,在气味芳香、硬质广场面积较大的植物景观空 间内进行体育健身活动,在郁闭度高、较封闭、离水边较远、 离出入口较近的植物景观空间内进行安静休憩活动。  相似文献   

7.
对广州市主城区9处下沉式绿地植物种类及其配置进行调研,采用AHP层次分析法,从植物生长势、观赏性2个方面的11个主要指标,来构建植物综合评价模型,结合文献资料进行综合评价。在34种草本植物中筛选出生长势强、观赏性好、抗倒伏、虫害少等优良性状的8种植物:芦竹(Arundo donax)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、玉蝉花(Iris ensata)、花叶艳山姜(Alpinia zerumbet)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、翠芦莉(Ruellia brittoniana)、鹤望兰(Strelitzia reginae)和山菅(Dianella ensifolia),建议将此优势种类作为广州下沉式绿地建设的优先选择植物。此外,还分别针对不同类型下沉式绿地给出植物配置建议。  相似文献   

8.
随着城市化建设进程的加快,人们对居住环境的要求也越来越高,园林绿化应本着“应用乔木、灌木、藤本及草本植物来创造景观,充分发挥植物本身形体、线条、色彩等自然美,配置成一幅美丽动人的画面,供人们欣赏”的原则,因此,做好园林植物配置已成为我们园林工作者应该考虑的问题,本文分析了目前城市园林植物配置中存在的问题,并提出了几点对策建议,希望能对城市园林植物景观建设提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
以南京市紫金山国家森林公园风景林为研究对象, 对景观视觉质量展开评价,分析影响视觉质量的因子及核心成 分。采用主成分分析法,把影响因子转化成核心特征指数;结 合眼动分析图和特征指数分析影响风景林视觉质量的核心因 素。影响视觉质量的特征指数分别为:风景林近自然度、地域 文化特征、色彩丰富度、乔木易识别特征以及林内空间感。风 景林近自然度、地域文化特征以及色彩丰富度对视觉质量的影 响最为重要。以期能够对风景林的经营管理以及植物景观营建 有所帮助。  相似文献   

10.
植物景观是体现校园文化的重要因素之一,一个完善的评价体系与模型,对评价与改造校园植物景观具有积极作用。本文采用层次分析法的评价体系,分三步对南京艺术学院的样地植物景观现状进行评价。利用9项评价指标,合理分配评价指标权重,构建出评价模型。运用该模型,计算南京艺术学院植物景观评价结果,并提出可行性建议。  相似文献   

11.
John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.  相似文献   

12.
Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?  相似文献   

13.
中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长  相似文献   

14.
This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.  相似文献   

15.
In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.  相似文献   

16.
Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.  相似文献   

18.
The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO2 in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO2 equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO2 eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO2 emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO2 saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO2 emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.  相似文献   

19.
20.
Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.  相似文献   

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