政府干预经济的理论思考——从西方市场经济理论史得到的启示

市场经济是一种由市场机制配置社会资源的经济运行方式,但是纯粹的市场经济是不存在的.根据西方市场经济发展的历史,让我们认识到在市场经济发展的不同阶段,政府要根据实际情况来确定干预的范围、方式和力度,更好地履行其社会经济职能.     

论“干预政府”是经济法的核心

经济法是“政府干预经济、协调经济之法”的观点是片面的,经济法不仅是“干预经济、协调经济之法”,而且重要的是“干预政府之法”,政府要成功地干预好经济,必须首先受到法律的干预,即依法界定政府的权力和职责;明确政府干预经济的范围和方式,所以,“适当干预政府”是经济法的核心。     

外国政府在利用外资和引进技术中起什么作用

自从1939年世界性经济危机以来,纯粹的自由市场经济体制已不复存在,国家对经济的干预已成为其职能之一。利用外资、引进技术是落后国家赶超发达国家的有效手段,是一项重要经济活动。因此,政府应该起重要作用,一些先行国家都证明了这一点。其作用主要表现在以下几方面。 1.制定法规。例如,日本政府于1949年12月和     

政府干预经济及其在市场经济中角色的确立

不能以"守夜人"来佐证政府干预经济的不合理性;政府干预并非完全基于市场失灵;好政府干预与坏政府干预是不同的;政府干预与市场调节不能完全替代;政府在经济中的角色岂止是干预;当代,政府不仅是宏观经济的调控者,而且是公共产品和公共服务的提供者,国家竞争力的培育者,市场秩序的维护者和社会保障体系的建设者;要处理好市场配置资源与政府行为的关系.     

政府干预经济的经济学与法学分析

自由资本主义时期政府不干预经济,扮演着守夜人的角色;垄断资本主义时期政府开始干预经济,其经济职能有了很大转变。政府职能的这一转变具有深层次的理论原因。对这一理论原因的全面剖析有助于充分完善经济法中的政府干预经济理论,也有助于分析各经济领域的法律监管现象。经济学和法学是分析政府干预经济的两个层面。经济学和法学分析都严格遵循政府干预经济思想的演变历程,目的在于使理论分析与历史演变相吻合,并更好地阐明政府由不干预经济向干预经济过渡的内在原因。     

政府对股票市场干预途径的选择

纵观各国股票市场的发展历史,各国无一例外均存在着政府对股票市场的干预行为;究其原因是股票市场上存在着市场失灵的因素（如：过度投机,欺诈等）。这些因素导致“看不见的手”无法使股票市场健康运行,从而显示政府干预的必要。但政府应该怎样进行干预,采取什么途径干预是值得研究的。否则也会出现政府干预失灵。一、政府干预股票市场的途径分析政府干预股票市场的途径有三种：一是经济政策干预;二是法律干预;三是行政干预。经济政策干预是宏观指导性干预,它引导股票市场发展方向;具体包括：利率政策,信贷政策,财政政策,融资政…     

政府干预与资源型经济演进分析——基于山西省的实证研究

在资源型经济演进进程中,政府干预扮演着不可替代的重要角色。政府干预会改变资源型经济演进的进程快慢和路径,尤其是与产业结构调整相关的产业政策对资源型经济向合理化方向的演进更是起着导向作用。这为政府在引导资源型经济演进路径,促使资源型经济走出"资源诅咒"的现实困境,实现转型与跨越提供了理论依据,即通过政府直接干预和政府政策干预,可以在一定程度上实现对资源型经济演进方向和进程的可控性,从而最终实现经济的可持续发展。     

浅谈经济法与社会主义市场经济的关系

经济法是一种社会法,它是在社会化条件下,对国家基于社会整体利益而对经济加以干预、协调、参与等进行规范和保障的法。经济法的首要任务是研究如何以法的规范来配合国家从宏观上保持经济的稳定、协调发展,使国家对经济及其法律调整起到主导作用。因此,经济法不仅是政府干预经济的有效手段,也是政府干预的约束和规范,是政府干预法治化和市场秩序优化的必然需求。在当前我国社会主义市场经济条件下,经济法的定位和作用对我国经济的发展就显得格外重要和必需。     

政府的行政干预与政府失灵

政府行政干预是政府管理的基础,政府的各种社会治理都是以行政干预的手段进行的,而进行的途径则是颁布各种政策.但是政府行政干预的过程中,由于行政人员与管理的漏洞,会出现寻租行为,从而造成政府失灵,其制定的各种经济政策也会出现不确定性.     

政府怎样干预经济活动

自市场经济产生以来，政府与市场经济运行的关系问题就随之产生。这两者关系的实质是政府要不要干预经济活动？政府干预经济活动的范围有多大以及如何干预？这个问题的急诊由来以久。就我国目前而言，争论的焦点不在于要不要政府干预，而在于如何根据经济发展的实际情形，正确地发挥政府的作用，这也是当前我国理论和实践亟待解决的问题。本文试就现阶段我国社会主义市场经济条件下如何发挥政府干预经济的作用谈点粗浅认识。     

Neither Lausanne nor Cambridge: Pantaleoni and the missing boundary between economics and sociology

Abstract

By the turn of the twentieth century, Lausanne and Cambridge were the centres of diffusion of two rival versions of marginalism. This paper focuses on the position of Maffeo Pantaleoni, a leading figure of the late nineteenth century ‘renaissance’ of Italian political economy, with respect to the eminent representatives of the two schools: Pareto and Marshall. Pantaleoni's position is examined with reference to the two main bones of contention between Pareto and Marshall, namely general as opposed to partial equilibrium, and pure as opposed to mixed economics.     

Educational systems,growth and income distribution: a quantitative study

This study sets out to develop a dynamic model within an economy characterized by the coexistence of public and private schools, under imperfect credit market conditions, in an attempt to provide a clearer understanding of the evolution of economic growth and income inequality. We find that any government wishing to reduce income inequality should adopt policies aimed at increasing the enrollment rate in public schools. However, whilst high enrollment rates can be sustained in private schools, and thus create enhanced economic growth, this can only occur if accompanied by the liberalization of the credit markets.     

循环经济系统的构建与“技术—产业—制度”生态化战略

分析了经济系统在效率、最优与可持续性3个方面的缺陷,对经济系统与生态系统进行了类比,指出纯自然主义的发展思路是不现实的,结合我国国情,可实施“技术—产业—制度”生态化战略,构建循环经济系统,最终确立循环经济的主导地位,在发展经济的同时保护生态环境。     

回归失落的传统:广义虚拟经济理论的政治经济学解读(I)

政治经济学曾经是经济学科的核心,其重要的标志就是强调国家的富强和政府的经济调控职能。然而,在后来的发展历程中,经济学科逐渐分裂为强调归纳和历史研究的政治经济学范式与推崇纯演绎和数学分析的纯经济学范式。前者延续了早期经济学科的政治经济学视角,强调政治对经济发展的影响作用,并进而对制度尤其是文化因素进行了新的考察;而后者则抛弃了早期经济学科的政治经济学,在过分强调模型分析和数学方法的趋势下,逐渐演变成为一门专注于模型分析的纯粹经济学,在越来越脱离政治经济学的同时,也越来越与现实脱节。本文把政治经济学与当今一些中国学者提出的广义虚拟经济理论相联系,从政治经济学发展的角度对广义虚拟经济理论进行解读。本文认为在政治经济学研究缺失的今天,广义虚拟经济理论是对政治经济学的一种回归;其不仅坚持了传统的政治和文化视角,而且通过"制文化权"等理论的提出,对政治经济学理论体系进行了发展和创新。     

技术进步研究评析

作为人类改造自然的一切知识的总和,技术进步象一条涓涓溪流始终贯穿于整个经济增长与发展史,技术的进步是推动经济增长与发展的基础,经济学家们就技术进步对一国经济发展的影响进行研究是在对经济增长影响因素的理论探索中逐步展开的,许多经济学流派都曾关注过技术进步并试图将技术进步溶入其理论框架,从不同角度不同程度地用技术进步来解释经济增长的源泉和增长过程。本文从亚当.斯密体现在积累及劳动分工上的技术进步因素开始,循经济增长理论的发展时序,分别进一步评析了熊彼特的技术创新理论、以索洛经济增长模型为代表的新古典增长模型以及色彩斑斓的内生经济增长理论,各大理论流派均认同技术进步一定会推动经济增长和发展,但人类显然还没有找到一把普适的经济发展的"魔杖",关于技术进步与经济增长的理论研究在不断延续展开着。     

Selective Schools

This paper studies how schooling admission tests affect economic performance in an economy where individuals are endowed with both academic and non‐academic abilities and both abilities matter for labour productivity. We develop a simple model with schools run by the goverment, where individuals signal their abilities by taking an admission test and sort into low quality and high quality schools. When abilities are poorly correlated in the population, as documented in the literature, a standard test based only on academic abilities can be less efficient than a balanced test, which considers both ability types. We show that a sequential testing strategy, with schools testing academic abilities and firms testing non‐academic abilities on the sub‐sample of graduates of high quality schools, does not necessarily replicate the outcome of a balanced test.     

循环经济发展模式下的企业业务流程再造

循环经济是一种有别于传统经济的可持续发展的经济模式，循环经济发展模式下的企业业务流程与传统经济发展模式下的企业业务流程有很大区别。本文在比较循环经济发展模式与传统经济发展模式下企业业务流程异同的基础上，运用企业业务流程再造理论，对传统经济发展模式下的企业业务流程再造提出了设计改进意见，以使其满足循环经济发展模式的要求，从而推动整个社会循环经济体系的构建。     

On the neutrality of fiscal policy

The paper explores the relationships between fiscal policy and real economic activity and prices for the six largest industrialized economies. Fiscal policy variables are shown to be consistent and rational functions of the behaviour of the economy. It is also confirmed that fiscal policy seems to have a consistent impact on subsequent real economic activity and prices. When multivariate time series analysis is used to breakdown overall fiscal policy into anticipated and unanticipated components, the anticipated components are shown generally to have just as much forecasting ability for subsequently realized economic variables as the unanticipated components. This does not appear to be consistent with the implications of pure rational expectations models.     

Schooling and Distortions in a Vintage Capital Model

This paper integrates the analysis of choices on education and on technology adoption to study international economic disparities. Two candidate explanations are considered: differences in distortions that affect the cost of technology adoption and differences in the effectiveness of schools. The implications of these two factors for differences in output per capita, educational attainment, and the age of technologies across countries are assessed in a vintage capital model with technology-specific learning-by-doing. Predictions are obtained for a parameterized economy that matches U.S. aggregate observations and evidence on learning. Differences in investment distortions produce plausible correlations only if the major role of education is to improve the ability to learn technologies. On the other hand, differences in school effectiveness produce plausible results only if the role of education is to provide a productive ability that is independent of learning. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: I2, O1, O3, O4.     

A matter of opinion—How ecological and neoclassical environmental economists and think about sustainability and economics

The differing paradigms of ecological and neoclassical environmental economics have been described in various articles and books and are also embedded in different professional associations. However, we cannot take for granted that the paradigm debates described in the literature are actually mirrored in exactly the same way in the perceptions and opinions of researchers looking at sustainability from an economic perspective. This paper presents empirical results from a German case study on how economists and others involved in sustainability research from different schools of thought think about the issues of sustainability and economics, how they group around these issues, how they feel about the current scientific divide, and what they expect to be future topics of sustainability research.We analyze the data using cluster analysis. Based on a literature survey, we generated forty sustainability economics-related statements and asked 196 sustainability researchers about their degree of agreement or disagreement with these statements. In evaluating our survey results, we discuss to what extent the clusters that we identified do—or do not—represent the two schools of thought of ecological and neoclassical environmental economics. We also propose some fields of research that can help to bridge the gaps amongst sustainability economics researchers while clearly marking others that are more suitable for a scientific ‘competition of ideas’. Key results of the study are: We identify two primary scientific clusters, one clearly confirming the existence of the ecological-economics school of thought, and the other largely capturing the neoclassical environmental view. Yet, there are some surprising exceptions: Both schools of thought share a conceptual definition of sustainability that is integrative in considering ecological, societal and economic dimensions (‘three pillar concept’) and is geared at preserving the development potentials of society. We also find a shared critique of ‘pure economic growth’ strategies in our sample. These shared opinions may provide bridging concepts between the schools of thought. Also both clusters agree with respect to a wide range of future fields of sustainability economics research. Yet, the research agenda of the ecological-economics cluster contains a large number of additional topics, primarily related to social, distributional and evolutionary aspects of sustainable development. Strong divides between the clusters that seem to be more suitable for a scientific competition of ideas are primarily related to the question of how to achieve sustainability, including appropriate environmental policies.