基于Hotelling模型的连锁店市场进入策略研究

市场进入一直以来都是产业组织的研究热点。基于Hotelling模型,构建一个拥有两门店的连锁店在位者以及一个潜在进入者模型,其研究结果从两端点或者从在位者门店中点进入是进入者的最优选择。     

高技术产业就业增长粘性:“无就业增长”

通过分析高技术产业厂商及其雇员的经济行为变化和特点,并基于创业型雇员是进入市场唯一威胁的前提假设,可证明两个命题:(1)当新进入者进入成本较低时,在位者缺乏雇用雇员的积极性;(2)雇员由于被在位者设定的跳槽壁垒套牢而缺乏进入动机,即自我创业的动机。由此还可产生以下逻辑推论:(1)政府实施的各种优惠政策无助于激励为高技术产业在位者扩大就业规模;(2)在位者设定的跳槽壁垒所导致的高工资刚性降低了高技术产业就业需求。     

在位者产能投资及其进入阻止效应失灵的多维分析—— 基于中国乘用车产业的经验证据

产业组织的理论和实证研究表明在位者对过剩生产能力进行投资,会在产量竞争中取得先动优势,预期价格和利润下降会使进入者面临更高的进入壁垒,从而使产能投资具有进入阻止效应.本文从理论模型、计量检验和案例分析三个维度出发,分析中国乘用车制造企业的产能投资行为.两阶段博弈模型证明,需求不确定和在位者数量增加会导致进入阻止成为一种公共产品,不利于产能投资发挥进入阻止效应;基于Logit回归的检验发现,在位者的前一期投资没有体现出进入阻止效应;案例研究表明,由于缺乏有效的协调机制,能力和动机存在明显差异的在位者,也未能利用产能策略维持已有市场地位和减少大规模进入所产生的负面效应.     

商业模式价值逻辑的要素、框架及演化研究：回顾与展望

当前，在商业模式领域，研究视角多元化是一个突出特征，学者们积极发掘新视角来认识商业模式。随着“价值”概念导入商业模式领域，基于价值视角的商业模式研究开始兴起，众多学者积极从价值角度解读商业模式，意图揭示商业模式背后的价值逻辑,价值主张、价值创造、价值分配、价值传递、价值获取等相关概念频繁地出现在商业模式研究中。通过对现有研究进行系统梳理，阐释商业模式领域关于价值、价值主张、价值创造及价值传递等相关概念的特定内涵，分析不同概念间逻辑关系，并在此基础上，提炼商业模式价值逻辑框架、演化动因及方式，从而促进对商业模式价值逻辑思维的理解与关注，特别是对商业模式研究新进入者起到一定引导作用，为企业管理实践提供有益启示。     

最低质量标准下企业进入的策略性行为选择

一个行业的竞争力和绩效水平往往要受到行业进入条件和容易程度的影响。对于进入者而言,制约进入的根本技术因素是最低质量标准。在差异化产品市场中,无最低质量标准的限制且进入成本较小时,进入者无论是以高质量进入还是以低质量进入,所获得的利润是一样的,而在内生最低质量标准限制情况下,在位者和进入者达成竞争均衡时的利润有很大的差异,最低质量标准改变了在位者和进入者的质量选择,在位者是高质量产品企业所获得的利润小于在位者是低质量产品企业时所获得的利润,因此,如果在位者能够自由选择质量,在位者有可能选择生产低质量产品,进入者可能选择生产高质量产品,这导致产品市场的竞争不足。在这种情况下,政府应为企业创造开放与竞争的市场环境和政策导向。     

企业如何进行战略创新

本文通过对战略创新产生的前提条件和对产业条件、企业业务范围、现有客户价值、潜在客户价值、价值链 /商业模式及核心能力的再思考的探讨 ,提出战略创新产生的思考框架 ,即改变现有市场游戏规则和创造新市场。战略创新对于企业尤其是中小企业制订战略时如何运用较少的资源和承担较小的风险来获取竞争优势和更高的投资回报具有现实意义     

初创企业未获取价值与商业模式创新

技术或业务升级会产生新价值和放大原先的一些未获取价值。作为技术与商业绩效之间的中介变量，商业模式创新在商业变革中发挥了非常重要的作用。技术或业务升级中产生的未获取价值和资源拼凑是初创企业成长的两个新兴议题，关系到商业模式及其创新。采用单案例法深度分析某初创企业后发现：①商业模式创新存在新的驱动因素与机制;②商业模式创新不仅是认知活动与过程，也是实践活动与过程;③任何初创企业的商业模式中都隐藏着未获取价值，但将不同未获取价值转变成现实价值需要不同拼凑行为。最后，基于上述发现，为初创企业识别技术创新升级中的未获取价值、开展拼凑活动和商业模式创新提出对策建议。     

基于产品质量策略性行为的进入壁垒研究

本文从产品纵向差异的角度出发,研究了垄断厂商为构建进入壁垒在选择产品质量方面所采取的策略性行为。通过采用一个扩展式博弈,分析了在位者和潜在进入者的质量选择行为所形成的各种产品质量组合及其支付。研究发现,在位者可以通过一部分研发投资,抢先承诺提供多档次质量的产品,填补消费者的需求空间,减少潜在进入者的期望收益,使其做出不进入的决定。所以,在位者在产品质量方面的策略性行为就构成了进入壁垒。     

技术创新对产业演进的影响——基于模块化系统的产品创新阶段分析

在以模块化为特征的产业中,产品创新引导产业演进,创新影响企业的进入与退出。在产品创新中,对在位者的分析应考虑代际范围经济和资源转换成本。新厂商可采取产品创新、模仿创新以及利用分裂技术等方式进入。创新技能、模块化程度、沉没成本和市场环境等将影响新厂商的进入。创新竞争的结果,使核心模块市场结构趋于竞争性垄断,一般模块和系统的装配市场则日趋竞争,企业间网络得以大力发展。     

“递进”买方势力视角下两部收费制的规制机理研究--兼论政府反垄断部门应对策略

近年来,两部收费制策略引发的反垄断案件频发,下游买方势力的逐渐增强使得纵向控制规制问题变得更加错综复杂。以往研究对买方势力动态变化影响企业策略性决策以及弱化上游市场竞争的问题关注不足。基于此,构建由上游在位者、潜在进入者和下游零售商组成的纵向产业链模型,以下游零售商买方势力的递进变化为切入点,深度剖析两部收费制策略的内在规制机理。结果表明:当下游企业没有买方势力或者具有较弱的抗衡势力时,两部收费制策略从本质上并未弱化上游市场竞争。然而,一旦潜在进入者无法打破在位者建立的进入壁垒,在位者便会充分利用其市场支配地位实施转售价格维持、搭售等一系列纵向控制手段,进而弱化上游市场竞争,以期实现“一家独大”。当下游企业主导交易时,在满足一定条件下,通道费合约会产生排他效应,其弱化上游竞争的程度有限。因此,政府反垄断部门制定规制政策应充分考虑企业纵向控制和逆纵向控制行为。     

Technology diffusion and growth

Suppose firms are subject to decreasing returns and permanent idiosyncratic productivity shocks. Suppose also firms can only stay in business by continuously paying a fixed cost. New firms can enter. Firms with a history of relatively good productivity shocks tend to survive and others are forced to exit. This paper identifies assumptions about entry that guarantee a stationary firm size distribution and lead to balanced growth. The range of technology diffusion mechanisms that can be considered is greatly expanded relative to Luttmer (2007) [21]. If entrants can make only small improvements over the technologies used by the least productive incumbents, then the firm size distribution approximates Zipf?s law and entry and exit rates are high, as in the data.     

Entry into the electric power industry

Entry of new firms into the electric power industry is becoming commonplace. The entrants typically are unregulated firms that compete with regulated electric utilities only in the generation stage of the latter's vertically integrated structure. Because of the asymmetric regulatory treatment of the incumbents and entrants, there is the possibility of biases either against efficient entry or for inefficient entry. A model of a vertical integrated utility subject to rate-of-return regulation is used to illustrate the biases, and several implications for regulatory policy are discussed.     

新技术进步会阻碍传统技术创新吗——来自汽车产业的实证检验

在新旧技术竞争过程中，传统企业会适时调整研发策略，以应对新技术进步对传统技术造成的冲击。然而，新技术对传统技术的影响究竟表现为创新替代效应还是创新互补效应，至今依然没有得到确切结论。以汽车产业为研究对象，比较传统燃油汽车和电动汽车两种新旧技术的发展路径，并结合产业生命周期理论提出汽车产业的三阶段演化模型。进一步基于1995—2021年省级专利数据和面板向量自回归模型，从产品创新和工艺创新两个维度实证检验各阶段电动汽车技术进步对传统汽车企业创新的影响。结果表明，在电动汽车产业的范式导入期（1995—2008年），新技术通过产品创新和工艺创新两方面促进传统技术发展；在电动汽车产业的范式构建期（2009—2021年），新技术依然对传统技术有显著推动作用，但仅通过工艺创新促进传统技术发展。     

Estimating entrants' productivity when prices are unobserved

Entrant firms are constrained to set lower price–cost markups than incumbents due to idiosyncratic demand shocks faced in the startup phase. Productivity indices suffer from micro-level markup variation and underestimate entrants' productivity, when productivity is measured by nominal sales and expenditures but not quantities. This study makes the first attempt to estimate entrants' productivity by controlling for their markup difference, when prices or quantities are unobserved at the firm-level. The econometric methodology introduces demand side into a structural model of production to account for the price variation. The estimation routine deals with the endogeneity due to unobserved productivity using a control function approach, and retrieves average markups for entrants and incumbents together with a markup-adjusted productivity index. My findings show that entrants set on average lower markups than incumbents in Japanese manufacturing. When productivity is adjusted to markups, entrants are as productive as incumbents, while the standard measures of labor and total factor productivity indicate low productivity for entrant firms.     

Incumbents as disruptor and their disruptive behaviour enabling disruptive innovation: case study of high performance and low cost CPU and foundry market

ABSTRACT

The ability and role of incumbents to enable and sustain disruptive innovation is underestimated so far, compared with new entrants. Thus, this research aimed to observe incumbents’ role as a disruptor and their disruptive behaviours to enable disruptive innovation in different market segments. Based on two case studies of CPU and foundry markets, it was observed that incumbents enabled disruptive innovation by adjusting disruptive window in the context of performance trajectories and discontinuous time, and they sustained their market leadership by having advantages through continuous cost reduction and accumulated technological knowledge in high performance and low cost market. This study has extended the theory of disruptive innovation by including incumbents’ role and their disruptive behaviours and has practical implications as well for incumbents and new entrants to establish competitive technology strategy at the organisation as well as national level.     

Ex ante identification of disruptive innovations in the software industry applied to web applications: The case of Microsoft's vs. Google's office applications

This paper analyzes the question whether web applications pose a disruptive threat to incumbents or a disruptive growth opportunity for entrants in the application software industry using a novel method for ex ante identification of disruptive innovations in the software industry. Building on the theory of disruptive innovations, network effects and existing frameworks for the ex ante identification of disruptive innovations a new method of analysis is deduced. The analysis is based on a list of criteria that indicate a disruptive innovation and trajectory maps of the technologies' performance attributes. This method is applied to study the potential disruption of Microsoft's desktop office applications by Google's web-based office applications.The chosen method of analysis indicates a small likelihood for web applications to pose a disruptive threat to Microsoft, and by extension, to incumbents in the software industry. While web applications show a potential to satisfy market demand in established performance attributes, strong network effects in existing software products should give incumbents enough time to co-opt the innovation. The case illustrates how our new method to analyze disruptive potential in the software industry ex ante can help to apply the theory of disruptive innovation better for forecasting purposes and to provide novel strategic insights for the players involved.     

A corporation’s culture as an impetus for spinoffs and a driving force of industry evolution

We offer a theory of spinoffs that explains some salient aspects of these important market entrants. In infant industries, a great share of new market opportunities is depleted by firms that spinoff from incumbents. A model emphasizing the relation between incumbents’ evolving corporate cultures and the generation of spinoffs explains this regularity in industry evolution. By doing so, we capture different patterns in firm development that finally will help explain the evolutionary paths that industries may follow. We show that organizations reach a critical size that entails the collapse of a cooperative culture and triggers the exodus of personnel founding own firms. Thereby, organizations with a cooperative culture active in a dynamic business environment provide ideal training grounds for potential founders. Moreover, we argue that cooperative firm cultures and processes of “entrepreneurial imprinting” are important sources of spinoffs’ superior capabilities concerning their later market performance. We relate our findings to empirical evidence on developmental patterns in industries, such as genealogies and performance of spinoffs.     

Entry and market selection of firms: A laboratory study

We study how markets adjust to the entry of new firms under different conditions. Two incumbents face entry by three other firms. When firms’ costs are equal, entry always leads consumer surplus and profits to their equilibrium levels. When entrants are more efficient than incumbents, entry leads consumer surplus to equilibrium. With cost asymmetries, market behavior is satisfactory from the consumers’ standpoint but does not yield adequate signals to other potential entrants. Simultaneous entry is in the short run more favorable to consumers than sequential entry. A longer incumbency phase favors consumers after entry.     

Which Firms Buy Licenses? Market Positions and License Expenditures*

This paper presents the empirical results of a comparison of technology licensing expenditures of German companies in order to test implications of the Gilbert and Newbery (1982) model. Aside from standard control variables, the motives for innovation expenditures are also taken into account. We differentiate between firms intending to secure their present position in the market (incumbents) and those intending to enter a new market (challengers). In line with the prediction of the Gilbert and Newbery model, we find that incumbents show higher expenditures for technology licenses than potential entrants.     

Copyright reform and business model innovation: Regulatory propaganda at German music industry conferences

Inspired by new digital technologies, diverse actors in cultural and creative industries propagate conflicting visions of how to adequately innovate – or rather preserve and strictly enforce – copyright-related business models, which has resulted in substantial amounts of regulatory uncertainty. Looking at a decade of regulatory discourse at industry events in the popular music industry in Germany, we investigate how these actors make sense of and strategically shape this uncertainty in the process of industry transformation. Our longitudinal argumentative discourse analysis reveals cycles of regulatory propaganda of two discourse coalitions that do not engage in debate, but aim to find support for competing business models among regulators and the public. Organizing, canceling, and participating in industry events are discursive strategies used effectively to transport their claims by both industry lobbyists and challenging actors, but industry incumbents are failing to use these sites for testing out and introducing new business models. We conclude that regulatory struggles, not least at industry events, mediate between disruptive technologies and business model innovation.