家庭收入与中国城镇已婚妇女劳动参与决策分析

在中国经济的转型期间女性劳动参与率出现了明显下降,这种下降趋势在年龄较大以及教育程度较低的妇女群组中表现更为突出。与此同时我国的男女收入差距也在不断扩大。然而丈夫收入并不能充分解释女性劳动参与率的变动。已婚妇女劳动参与率下降最大的家庭并不是丈夫收入增长最快的家庭。1995—2002年间丈夫收入仅仅解释了整体已婚妇女劳动参与率变动的12.87%,以及低收入家庭中已婚妇女劳动参与率变动的7.74%。与其说我国女性劳动参与率的下降是家庭收入提高从而家庭重新分工的自主选择,不如说是严峻的就业形势所迫。     

试论城镇女性的教育与劳动参与之间的关系

自我国实行以市场为导向的改革开放以来,城镇女性劳动力的劳动参与率发生了显著下降,劳动力市场的性别不平等问题引起了社会各界的广泛关注。教育是影响女性劳动参与的重要变量,既有促进女性参与市场劳动的一面,也有降低女性劳动参与率的一面。一方面教育能够增加女性的工资收入,提高女性的健康水平,增加女性的预期工作时间,在其他条件不变的情况下,能够提高女性的劳动参与率;另一方面随着女性的教育水平的提高,女性在婚姻生活中的议价能力也会不断提高,这又使女性乐于享受家庭生活,倾向于不参与市场劳动。     

人口老龄化视角下家庭照料与城镇女性就业关系研究

随着我国人口老龄化,女性在家庭劳动与职业劳动之间的角色冲突日益凸显。文章利用1991-2009年"中国营养与健康调查"(CNHS)数据及面板数据分析和工具变量方法,实证检验了老人家庭照料责任对城镇女性职业劳动参与决策的影响,以期为女性就业、养老政策的制定提供科学依据。研究发现,照料老人显著降低了女性的劳动参与率,尤其是长时间、高强度的照料活动。与无照料责任的女性相比,与父母(公婆)同住、有照料责任的女性劳动参与率将下降0.215;高强度照料活动对女性劳动参与的影响更大,劳动参与率将下降0.695。     

中国经济转型中城镇女性劳动供给行为分析--兼论动态博弈框架下教育决策的内生性问题

自从转型国家实行市场化改革以来，女性的劳动参与率(即女性经济活动人口在女性劳动年龄人口中所占的比重，又称FLFPR)出现了明显下降(LINCF，1999).转型国家劳动力市场上这种引人注目的变化刚好与西方国家形成了鲜明的对比。比方说，：1992年～2001年间，波兰的女性劳动参与率由54．2％变为49．5％，下降了4．7个百分点。而同期，美国的女性劳动参与率则由56％变为到了60．1％，上升了4．1个百分点。     

数字化时代互联网使用对女性劳动参与的影响

<正>随着数字化时代的到来,互联网的发展普及为就业创造了更多机会,而女性劳动参与率在很长一段时间当中处于下降趋势,解决女性就业问题是推动我国经济均衡发展和社会文明进步的重要因素。为了探讨两者之间的关系,本文利用中国综合社会调查（CGSS）2017的数据,采用Probit模型考察互联网使用对女性劳动参与的影响。结果显示,互联网使用可以促进女性劳动参与,     

家庭老年照料对女性劳动就业的影响研究

本文基于1991—2011年"中国健康与营养调查"数据,采用面板数据和工具变量方法,实证检验了为父母公婆提供家庭照料对女性劳动就业的影响。研究发现,照料活动与女性的劳动参与率和提前退休决策之间存在内生关系;每周提供20小时以上高强度照料会使女性难以兼顾照料和工作,产生"门槛效应",劳动参与率显著下降7.31%;对于仍然劳动的女性,照料责任会使其每周减少劳动时间2.8—4.8小时;每月劳动收入减少7.21%;对于45—49岁的城镇女性,家庭老年照料并没有显著提升其提前退休的概率。此外,照料责任对劳动力市场供给的影响在居住安排和劳动力自身竞争力方面存在异质性。据此本文推断,家庭老年照料对于女性劳动力供给产生抑制作用。这些经验发现为今后我国制定家庭照料者支持政策及劳动就业政策提供了依据。     

最低工资与已婚女性劳动参与

借助中国家庭金融调查2011—2013年数据,以及最低工资标准在不同区县不同时间上的差异,在分别考察最低工资标准上涨对工资、就业的影响后,本文重点考察了最低工资标准上涨对劳动参与,尤其是已婚女性劳动参与的影响。回归结果显示:(1)最低工资标准上涨10%,员工的雇佣工资显著增加6.6%,被雇佣概率下1.2%,但在10%的统计水平下不显著。(2)最低工资标准上涨主要增加已婚女性的劳动参与率。最低工资标准每上涨10%,已婚女性劳动参与率显著增加1.86个百分点,且以从事非农工作为主。对工资收入处于最低25%的已婚女性,劳动参与率更是显著增加3.03个百分点。(3)综合考察最低工资标准上涨对已婚女性劳动参与以及进入劳动市场后就业概率的影响发现,最低工资标准上涨10%,16—55岁已婚女性中就业个体的占比显著增加2个百分点。(4)从异质性上看,最低工资标准上涨主要影响中年、低教育水平或来自西部地区的已婚女性。在劳动供需发生根本转变的情形下,通过激活劳动力存量,上调区县最低工资标准对短期内缩小中国劳动力供需缺口有重要作用。     

中国家庭债务与劳动参与率变动的非一致性关系——以1997-2009年数据为依据

该文采用1997-2009年家庭债务与劳动参与率的时间序列数据,运用单位根、协整和格兰杰因果检验方法,实证检验了中国家庭债务与劳动参与率变动的关系。结果显示:我国家庭债务与劳动参与率变动存在非一致性关系,家庭债务每增加1个单位,会促使劳动参与率减少0.246个单位。基于实证研究结果,政府应该实施积极的就业促进政策,银行应该完善消费信贷风险防范措施,家庭应该合理控制债务规模与增强风险防范意识。     

基于聚类分析的餐饮业消费者分类

一、引言 随着我国经济成长与人们收入的提高、社会结构与家庭结构变迁,以及女性劳动参与率上升与小家庭增加,导致外出就餐的人口持续增加.此外,周休二日制度的实行,促使餐饮业日益壮大.     

代际支持、女性劳动供给与中国性别工资差异收敛−基于性别分工的视角

我国"男主外、女主内"的性别分工观念年深日久,但相比世界很多国家,女性劳动参与率反而很高、性别工资差异也较低,中国文化中长期承袭着父辈对子女代际支持的传统可能是缓解女性劳动供给约束的重要动因.文章构建考虑父辈代际支持的家庭劳动供给模型,利用中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),分析了父辈时间支持和经济支持对子女,特别是女性劳动力的劳动供给和工资收入的影响与机制.研究发现,父辈的时间支持明显缓解女性劳动参与的时间约束,提高其劳动供给和工资收入,但没有发现对男性有显著影响,故有利于性别工资差异收敛;而父辈的经济支持均未发现对子女的劳动参与和工资收入有显著影响.此外,对城乡进行区分后发现,父辈时间支持对城镇女性的作用比农村女性更强.文章的研究有助于加深对我国劳动力市场中女性劳动供给行为和性别工资收敛性的理解,对进一步完善劳动就业制度也有一定启示.     

Factors affecting women's participation in forestry in Turkey

This study analyses women's participation in forestry. The study was carried out with 270 women in the Bartın province, located in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey. By employing a Principal Component Analysis it was found that the most important factors affecting women's participation are women's perception related to (1) forest dependence, (2) quality of cooperatives, (3) quality of Forest Organisation, and (4) forest quality. These four factors explained 58% of women's participation. These factors need to be taken into consideration to enhance women's participation in forestry and to achieve sustainable forestry in Turkey.Regression analyses indicate that age, marital status, the rate of population increase and wealth are important variables for explaining variation in levels of participation. The estimated game theoretic model on women's participation indicates that the sharing of forest benefits among women in Turkey is considerably harmonious, while there is scope for improving the Forest Organisation, namely by stimulating participation towards a more effective management of the Turkish forests.     

Careers and motherhood: policies for compatibility

This paper examines the economic issues relevant to policy debatesthat surround the increasing labour force participation of mothers.We review the main changes in women's labour market participationin Britain. The main source of increase in women's participationrates has come from mothers returning to work after childbirthafter progressively shorter intervals. The major influenceson this behaviour and the length of time spent out of work overthe first childbirth and the associated empirical work are alsoreviewed. These changes have raised issues relevant to maternityand parental leave, childcare provision, employers' family-friendlyworking arrangements and children's welfare. The paper makessome recommendations about how to further gender equity in aform compatible with family life.     

On the relationship between female labour force participation and fertility in G7 countries: evidence from panel cointegration and Granger causality

This article examines the relationship between the female labour force participation rate and total fertility rate for the G7 countries from 1960 to 2006 using panel unit root, panel cointegration, Granger causality and long-run structural estimation. The article’s main findings are that the female labour force participation rate and total fertility rate are cointegrated for the panel of G7 countries; that long-run Granger causality runs from the total fertility rate to the female labour force participation rate and that a 1% increase in the total fertility rate results in a 0.4% decrease in the female labour force participation rate for the G7 countries.     

Female labour force participation,fertility and infant mortality in Australia: some empirical evidence from Granger causality tests

This study applies Granger causality tests within a multivariate error correction framework to examine the relationship between female participation rates, infant mortality rates and fertility rates for Australia using annual data from 1960 to 2000. Decomposition of variance and impulse response functions are also considered. The main findings are twofold. First, in the short run there is unidirectional Granger causality running from the fertility rate to female labour force participation and from the infant mortality rate to female labour force participation while there is neutrality between the fertility rate and infant mortality rate. Second, in the long run both the fertility rate and infant mortality rate Granger cause female labour participation.     

The impact of trade openness on labour force participation rate

In this article, we investigate the impact of trade openness on labour force participation rate. We use tariff rate as the main indicator of trade openness and we employ the number of regional trade agreements and the average tariff rate in the neighbours’ countries as instrumental variables to diminish the endogeneity problem of the tariff rate. We find that trade openness increases the participation rate which is economically and statistically significant. The results show that this correlation is robust under controlling for different variables and using various specifications. We find that 10 percentage point increase in tariff rate lowers the participation rate by 4–6 percentage point and this relationship is more severe in the long run. Finally, we show that changes in labour force population accounts for about 27% of changes in the unemployment rate following a trade liberalization.     

A trivariate model of participation,fertility and wages: the Italian case

Italy has unusually low fertility by OECD standards, accompaniedby unusually low female participation in paid work. This paperaddresses the issue of the empirical relationship between fertility,female participation in the labour market and wages with theseItalian 'peculiarities' as a backcloth. A trivariate model ofparticipation, fertility and wages has been constructed andestimated using three pooled cross-sections of Italian microdata, allowing for the identification of cohort effects. Thismodel follows a 'purist' approach: the participation and fertilitydecisions, as well as the wage equation, are modelled as completelyjoint. The cohort effects turn out to be significant: the pointestimates do not appear to confirm actual trends, which arenegative for fertility and positive for participation. The femalewage is the most important variable influencing the propensityto have children and the propensity to participate in the labourmarket, casting doubt on suggestions that observed trends arethe products of shifts in women's 'tastes'.     

The effects of local labour market conditions on welfare programme participation

A fractional imputation method is applied to Iowa administrative data to deal with a problem of missing data. The effects of local labour market conditions and mobility of household heads on Family Investment Program (FIP) participation are evaluated. Results show that mobility increases the opportunity for employment and decreases the FIP participation rate for low-income families. An increase in predicted unemployment rates decreases labour force participation and increases programme participation; an increase in unpredicted unemployment rates increases labour force participation and decreases programme participation. Overall, the effects are relatively larger in rural areas than in nonrural areas in Iowa.     

Does a lower (higher) labour force participation rate imply greater (lower) income tax evasion? An exploratory empirical inquiry for the U.S.

This exploratory study seeks to add to the income tax evasion literature by investigating a heretofore ignored potential determinant of aggregate federal personal income tax evasion in the U.S., namely, the labour force participation rate. It is hypothesized that the higher (lower) the labour force participation rate, the lower (greater) the degree of tax evasion. The empirical estimation supports this hypothesis, finding that a one unit (one percentage point) increase (decrease) in the labour force participation rate leads to a 9.1% decrease (increase) in income tax evasion. Thus, the declining labour force participation in recent years implies increased tax evasion problems for the U.S.     

An overlooked explanation of the declining saving rate

With a socioeconomic model of the determinants of savings that takes into account variables reflecting the abrupt changes in the divorce rate that occurred during the 1970s and the 1980s in the U.S., the increase in women's participation in the labour force, and their greater investrnent in education, we explain part of the measured decline in the saving rate. The uncertainty generated by the increased likelihood of divorces encourages households and women, in particular, to substitute human capital to financial or physical capital for precautionary savings.The authors thank Anna J. Schwartz and Pierre Perron for helpful suggestions and Anne-Marie El Hakim for her dedicated assistance on this project. The comments of the editor and of an anonymous referee contributed to improve the final version of the paper. The project was financed, in part, by a grant of the Quebec FCAR Fund.     

Unemployment and labour force participation in Turkey

This article investigates the relationship between labour force participation rate and unemployment rate in Turkey a developing country. Cointegration analysis is carried out for the aggregate and gender-specific series. The findings indicate that there is no long-run relationship between labour force participation and unemployment rates in Turkey. Thus, unlike in the case of the developed countries, the unemployment invariance hypothesis is supported in Turkey.