我国石油储备发展的审视与对策分析

石油是当今世界第一大能源,维护其安全供应已成为各国面临的共同问题。中国经济发展迅速,目前已成为世界石油市场需求量增长最快的国家。同时,中国石油对外的依存度也逐年扩大,石油安全已成为中国面临的重大挑战,根据我国国情建立科学完备的石油储备体系是保障石油安全的重要条件。本文从我国石油资源的现状入手分析了我国建立石油储备的重要性和必要性,并介绍了我国石油储备的发展情况。在总结和借鉴国际上发达国家石油储备经验的基础上,从石油储备立法、石油储备结构完善、石油储备资金筹集等多个角度提出了我国石油储备体系建设的发展建议。同时也指出逐步建立石油期货市场,分散购油风险,石油行业的市场化改革等,都是中国石油储备战略所不能忽视的。     

我国石油储备发展策略研究

石油是重要的能源和现代工业不可缺少的原材料,其稳定的供给关系到一个国家经济社会的持续、健康发展和国家安全,因此,构建完善的石油储备体系是必不可少的重要措施。石油储备具有实物性、法律强制性、可动用性及公共性等特性,其储备模式主要分为国家石油储备和商业储备。目前,我国已成为世界石油市场需求量第二大国家和增长量最快的国家,同时,石油对外依存度逐年扩大,建立科学完备的石油储备体系亟待我们认真研究、高度关注。通过阐述石油储备的内涵,分析了石油储备的作用和意义,从石油储备立法、石油储备结构完善、石油储备资金筹集等诸多方面,对我国石油储备体系建设的发展策略提出了建议。     

保障国家石油安全需完善石油储备体系

建立石油储备体系、拥有适当的石油储备日益成为各国能源安全战略的重中之重。目前,不论从国内市场还是从外部环境来看,加快推进中国石油储备体系建设刻不容缓。完善中国石油储备体系,主要从以下几个方面着手：立法先行,建立和健全石油储备相关的法律法规;借鉴国外经验,建立符合中国国情的石油储备模式;分步实行,循序渐进确保石油储备规模;减少单一品种依赖,促进石油储备品种多样化;放松市场管制,培育多元化的石油储备主体;统筹考虑,科学合理布局规划石油储备基地;综合决策,建立多层次的石油储备筹资模式;密切关注国际形势变化,积极参与石油储备国际合作。     

完善石油储备体系 建立中国式的石油储备模式

建立石油储备体系、拥有适当的石油储备日益成为各国能源安全战略的重中之重。目前,不论从国内市场还是从外部环境来看,加快推进中国石油储备体系建设“刻不容缓”。我们认为完善中国石油储备体系,主要从以下几个方面着手：立法先行,建立和健全石油储备相关的法律法规;借鉴国外经验,建立符合中国国情的石油储备模式;分步实行,循序渐进确保石油储备规模;减少单一品种依赖,促进石油储备品种多样化;放松市场管制,培育多元化的石油储备主体;统筹考虑,科学合理地布局规划石油储备基地;综合决策,建立多层次的石油储备筹资模式;密切关注国际形势变化,积极参与石油储备国际合作;     

我国石油商业储备多元化筹资模式研究

我国的石油安全问题已经日渐突出,石油商业储备建设目前还远远不能满足我国日益紧张的石油供需安全需要,尽快建立完善系统的商业储备体系,规避石油供应中断和国际原油价格波动风险已经成为保障我国石油安全的重要战略措施。由于国家石油储备投资大、风险高、回收期长等特点导致我国石油商业储备筹资渠道成为制约商业储备建设的瓶颈。通过参考国际商业储备建设筹资模式方法和我国现阶段的国情,依据谁收益、谁投资的根本法则,组建由国家、企业、民资、银行四方共同出资的国家石油商业储备公司进行公司化运营管理,国家石油商业储备实现由国家低息贷款、企业融资、贷款担保、会员均摊等多元化的筹资模式,从而实现快速、公平、均衡、持久商业储备资金筹集渠道,加快我国石油商业储备建设的步伐,从而保障我国石油长期稳定的供需安全。     

我国建立战略石油储备的时机选择

本文对我国建立战略石油储备的迫切程度和国际油价走势进行了简单分析，通过对美国建立战略石油储备经验教训的总结，提出我国不应在高油价时期大规模进行战略石油储备，但应稳步推进储油设施的建设。     

我国石油储备体系建设的战略构想

建立国家石油储备体系是维护国家能源安全的重要举措。我国从2002年开始建设国家战略石油储备基地,2004年一期工程全面开工。同时,还成立了国家石油储备办公室,组建了若干石油储备基地公司,完善相关管理措施。但是,我国的石油储备体系     

我国国家石油储备体系的基本构想

建立国家石油储备体系是维护国家能源安全的重要举措。我国从2002年开始建设国家战略石油储备基地,2004年一期工程全面开工。同时,还成立了国家石油储备办公室,组建了若干石油储备基地公司,完善了相关管理措施。但是,我国的石油储备体系建设目前还只局限在政     

我国石油储备的实施条件分析

石油储备的建立对保障石油安全的重要性毋庸置疑,而石油储备的实施需要内外条件兼备,既要国内政策体制保障,也要基于有效运行的石油市场基础上采取外向型石油战略。     

应对我国现阶段石油安全隐患的对策

在阐述我国石油资源安全现状的基础上,从我国石油资源相对不足、石油供需矛盾尖锐、进口渠道单一、能源利用效率低下、缺乏石油战略储备等五个方面分析导致我国石油安全问题的原因,提出提高国内原油产量、增加进口渠道、提高石油利用率、建立石油储备体系、开发利用新能源等五个方面的解决对策。     

Quantifying South Africa's crude oil import risk: A multi-criteria portfolio model

A major consequence of South Africa's strong economic growth since the democratic dispensation of 1994 is the rapid increase in domestic demand for oil energy. With small amounts of proven oil reserves, the rise in oil demand as an energy source has resulted in South Africa's growing dependence on external sources for its domestic crude oil needs. High oil prices, instability in major oil producing regions and the rise in ‘oil-nationalism’ are major concerns for the security of South Africa's oil supplies. Accordingly, a comprehensive understanding of oil import security risks can serve as a vital guide in formulating any energy policy framework(s) aimed at alleviating the impact of such risks. This study utilises portfolio theory and develops an empirical framework to provide quantitative measures of systematic and specific risks of South Africa's crude oil imports over the period 1994 to 2007. The paper examines the relationship between supply sources diversification and oil energy security risks, and provides an objective evaluation of different import adjustment strategies on South Africa's total crude oil import risks. The results show that a policy of having constant monthly imports from each supply region reduces the specific and systematic risks of the oil import portfolio by an average rate of 71% and 2.9% respectively. Significant reduction in specific risks of South Africa's oil imports is achieved if imports from risky regions (mainly the Middle East) can be diversified to relatively less risky regions of Europe and North America.     

我国石油产业大企业国际化动因研究

随着中国经济快速发展,国内对石油的需求不断增加,我国石油产业大企业肩负稳定石油供给的重要使命。文章通过数据分析,从企业和政府两个层面解释了我国石油产业大企业进行国际化的动因,对我国石油企业国际化过程中面临的问题提出对策建议。     

Aggressive oil extraction and precautionary saving: Coping with volatility

The effects of stochastic oil demand on optimal oil extraction paths and tax, spending and government debt policies are analyzed when the oil demand schedule is linear and preferences quadratic. Without prudence, optimal oil extraction is governed by the Hotelling rule and optimal budgetary policies by the tax and consumption smoothing principle. Volatile oil demand brings forward oil extraction and induces a bigger government surplus. With prudence, the government depletes oil reserves even more aggressively and engages in additional precautionary saving financed by postponing spending and bringing taxes forward, especially if it has substantial monopoly power on the oil market, gives high priority to the public spending target, is very prudent, and future oil demand has high variance. Uncertain economic prospects induce even higher precautionary saving and, if non-oil revenue shocks and oil revenue shocks are positively correlated, even more aggressive oil extraction. In contrast, prudent governments deliberately underestimate oil reserves which induce less aggressive oil depletion and less government saving, but less so if uncertainty about reserves and oil demand are positively correlated.     

双视角下地区能源状况与经济增长关系研究——基于省际面板数据的实证分析

本文从阐述"资源诅咒"的命题出发,以省际面板数据为样本,选择煤炭、石油和天然气这三种主要的能源矿产作为研究对象,既从静态角度讨论了地区能源储量与经济发展的关系,又从动态角度研究了能源供求比的变动对经济增长速度的影响,其实证结果表明,煤能源供求比与经济增长显著负相关,同时"资源诅咒"现象在中国客观存在但并非普遍存在,具有相同能源状况的地区经济增长的表现并不一致。     

新冠肺炎疫情的经济影响分析：长期视角与短期应对*

本文从需求和供给两侧分析了此次新冠疫情对我国经济的短期和长期影响。在需求侧，基于理论分析和非典疫情对经济的影响特征，经济总需求会随着此次疫情的结束而在短期内快速得到恢复。但此次疫情也会加大总需求和居民收入增速的下行压力。在供给侧，疫情不仅会降低劳动力资源配置效率，加剧劳动力供需结构矛盾，同时也大幅降低了我国的资本投资，在缺乏有效干预措施下，很可能加剧我国资本投资和经济总体增速的短期下滑趋势。而基于理论分析，相应供给冲击也将对我国长期产出带来增长压力。基于疫情对我国经济需求侧和供给侧的影响分析，2020年要实现全面建成小康社会的经济目标需要实施改革力度更大、更为有效的财政和货币等支持政策。     

新冠肺炎疫情的经济影响分析：长期视角与短期应对*

本文从需求和供给两侧分析了此次新冠疫情对我国经济的短期和长期影响。在需求侧，基于理论分析和非典疫情对经济的影响特征，经济总需求会随着此次疫情的结束而在短期内快速得到恢复。但此次疫情也会加大总需求和居民收入增速的下行压力。在供给侧，疫情不仅会降低劳动力资源配置效率，加剧劳动力供需结构矛盾，同时也大幅降低了我国的资本投资，在缺乏有效干预措施下，很可能加剧我国资本投资和经济总体增速的短期下滑趋势。而基于理论分析，相应供给冲击也将对我国长期产出带来增长压力。基于疫情对我国经济需求侧和供给侧的影响分析，2020年要实现全面建成小康社会的经济目标需要实施改革力度更大、更为有效的财政和货币等支持政策。     

Does oil substitute for patriarchy?

Critics of Ross's (American Political Science Review, 102, 2008, 107) gendered resource curse thesis argue that culture trumps oil wealth as a determinant of female labor force participation (FLFP). Here, I argue that, while cultural attributes do indeed affect the female labor supply, oil wealth reduces the demand for female labor by hurting the export‐oriented industries that employ female labor intensively. By reducing the demand for female labor in this way, oil wealth undermines the positive effect of gender egalitarianism on FLFP. Thus, oil curses women. Using data from the World Values Survey and the World Bank, I find support for the argument.     

中国农村金融市场不均衡性成因分析——基于有效需求的视角

中国农村金融市场的不均衡性主要表现为农村金融需求不足（包括需求意愿不足和需求能力不足）、农村金融供给不足及农村金融供给不足导致的农村金融需求不足三个方面。对影响农村金融市场不均衡性成因进行分析,有助于中国农村经济的健康发展。     

Asset arbitrage and the price of oil

It is commonly understood that macroeconomic shocks influence commodity prices and that one channel for this is the link between interest rates, expected future asset returns and stock-holding. In this paper the link is extended to the petroleum market with the recognition that recorded stocks of oil comprise a small share of annual demand and that the parallel with storable commodities is the decision to produce the oil in the first place, as opposed to holding it in the ground as reserve. Oil reserves are then a key asset in producing countries, which is arbitraged against financial assets. Thus, when the yield on financial assets falls, retaining oil reserves becomes more attractive to producing countries, which then have less incentive to accommodate demand rises, and so the oil price rises. This perspective on oil pricing is modeled in a dynamic multi-region general equilibrium framework in which regional households manage portfolios of assets that include oil reserves. When the model is calibrated to match observed data over two decades, simulation results indicate that asset arbitrage made a large contribution to the high pre-GFC oil price.     

Effects of Rising Price of Gold on the LDSs' Demand for International Reserves

Termination of the Washington arrangements of 1968, whereby the participating countries agreed not to sell gold in the private gold market, resulted in two changes in international monetary environment. First, the market price of gold deviated from its official price. Second, countries were allowed to auction off gold component of their reserves. The supposition was that such changes will lower the demand for international liquidity. Using a simultaneous equation model of demand for and supply of reserves, it is concluded that indeed market price of gold exerts negative effects on the LDCs demand for reserves which is similar to the results obtained for DCs in the previous studies. [420]