有效资本市场与企业理财策略

市场有效性研究一直是财务理论研究的核心内容之一 ,在金融市场理论中占有重要地位。本文从有效资本市场理论出发 ,分析了其概念、假设及其三种基本类型 ,论证了我国资本市场有效性的程度 ,并试探性地提出了在我国现有资本市场状况下企业的若干理财策略。     

建构金融资本市场的“反脆弱性”机制

市场经济的道路需要大力发展金融衍生品市场,而具有高效率、高杠杆效应的当代金融市场天生是脆弱性的。金融衍生品在对冲金融市场风险的同时,也内生了自身的脆弱性。该文从如何建构金融资本市场的"反脆弱性"这个当代金融市场的风险控制难题入手,追溯金融市场在资本逻辑下的脆弱性根源,分析金融市场整体性风险的经济哲学内涵。针对历史上风险频发的金融市场,技术上寻求"去杠杆"方式的"度的守中"与弱化市场的"反身性",以及建立冗余以增强"自身免疫能力"等方法。资本逻辑根源上,从参与者主体到国家金融市场的整体性着手,充分发挥公有制为核心的"反脆弱性"优势,逐步建立起从经济理性走向政治理性的整体性风险防控机制。     

非线性技术创新评价模式研究

企业技术创新是始于研究开发而终于市场实现的动态过程,技术创新系统是由若干系统要素共同作用组成的动态复杂系统,具有开放性、动态性、非线性、不确定性等复杂性特征。传统的线性观点和线性模型已经不能适用于对技术创新系统的分析与评价,技术创新评价研究由线性、静态模式转向非线性、动态模式的发展轨迹,非线性科学的迅速发展,为更好的研究企业技术创新评价提供了重要的理论工具。本文在国内外有关企业技术创新评价方法研究的基础上,对技术创新评价有关因素,特别是对创新能力与创新环境因素作了系统分析。运用托姆尖点突变理论,分析了技术创新能力与技术创新环境对技术创新状态发生变化的内在作用机理。指出技术创新能力是技术创新状态发生变化的本质,而技术创新环境是技术创新状态发生变化的运作,并在此基础上给出了技术创新评价方法步骤。本文的研究旨在为进一步研究技术创新评价问题提供扩散性思维。     

异质信念资产定价研究

从随机游走、行为金融到混沌，从现代资产定价理论、行为资产定价理论到异质信念资产定价理论，3种学说和3种定价理论同时存在干当今资本市场的研究中，它们分别从不同方面、不同视角解释了资产价格的波动。本文的研究理清了3种重要定价理论之间的关系：理性与有限理性，线性与非线性，价格波动的外在机制与内在机制，为人们进一步研究资产定价理论提供了清晰的脉络。     

我国股票市场分形特征的实证研究

文章分析了以EMH为基础的经典资本市场理论的局限,揭示了资本市场的分形结构特征。近20年来,作为研究非线性问题科学分支之一的分形理论,成了经济学科研究与应用的前沿领域。在此基础上文章探讨了分形时间序列的基本特征,运用R/S分析法分析了我国股票市场的分形特征,通过实证分析,总结了我国股票市场具有明显的分形特征。     

金融市场的分形和混沌研究综述

主流的金融计量理论是以价格的随机游走和收益的正态分布假设为基础的,而时金融市场价格的分形和混沌研究,则从非线性的角度揭示金融价格的波动规律,并对主流金融计量理论提出了争议和挑战.本文对金融市场的分形和混沌研究做了全面综述,并进行了评价和展望.阐述了这些研究的意义,揭示了经济变量和金融市场价格的非线性特征,并对其机制进行了深入分析.不足之处是这些研究还不能很好地应用于实际经济和金融过程,去解决实际的问题.在定价、建模和预测方面还面临很多困难.对金融市场的非线性研究,让我们对现实世界的理解更加深入和精细.但这些研究并不意味着否定传统经济学理论.正是在不同理论的不断争论和互相印证的过程中,推动金融计量理论不断向前发展.     

我国资本市场分形特性研究

任何科学发展,包括社会科学在内,其前沿问题都是非线性问题.但是,由于现行线性模型的简单易行,实际中仍被广泛运用.随着经济行为越来越复杂,只有用动态的非线性模型刻画某些经济现象,才能较好地反映客观现实.近二十年来,作为研究非线性问题科学分支之一的分形理论,也就成了经济学科研究与应用的前沿领域.本文探讨了分形时间序列的基本特点及Hurst指数计算方法,描述了计算时间序列Hurst指数的一般方法,运用R/S分析法分析了我国资本市场的分形特性,通过实例分析,总结了资本市场分形理论的基本内容.     

行为金融学与非理性决策

现代金融理论是建立在资本资产定价模型(CAPM)和有效市场假说(EMH)两大基石上的.由于理性经济人假设与实际的偏差,经典现代金融学遇到了一些被称为未解之谜的现实问题,行为金融学是从人们的实际决策行为出发来研究和解释金融市场的相关问题.     

多层次资本市场与资源配置效率问题分析

一、定义资本市场的资源配置效率国外学者对资本市场效率的研究主要从微观角度出发,如资本市场有效性假说(EMH)和詹姆斯。托宾的金融市场效率观,着重从信息和价格形成方面探讨制约证券市场效率实     

产业集群创新演化研究——基于演化经济学的视角

文章从演化经济学的视角思考产业集群创新演化的内在机理,将企业能力理论、创新动力机制理论和区域创新系统理论有机地应用于分析产业集群的创新演化中.从三个维度综合分析产业集群创新演化的逻辑:从微观维度的企业能力理论研究产业集群内企业创新演化的能力,从中观维度研究集群内企业间互动的创新动力机制.从宏观维度研究促进产业集群创新演化的公共政策和社会资本.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.