当代农用林业进展

本文介绍了农用林业的定义、分类和调查设计等方面的最新进展,并根据有关资料概括出农用林业未来发展的六大方向和今后研究的十个领域。     

渭北井溢村的农用林业

本文介绍了井溢村农用林业的经营类型、模式和效益，总结了该村的作法和经验。实施农用林业５年以来，全村总产值从１９万元增加到５９万元，其中林业收入达３０万元，占总收入的５１％。由于实行农林复合系统经营，土壤侵蚀得到很好控制，干旱问题缓解，创建了较为高产的农业生态系统。表明在渭北黄土高原沟壑区推行农用林业是振兴农村经济、治穷致富的一条新出路。     

黄淮海平原农用林业经济效益分析

农用林业是一种新型的土地利用制度．发展农用林业是黄淮海平原中低产田改造的一条有效途径。本文从投资年均防护效益系数、农用林业总的经济效益、投资回收期三方面对农用林业的经济效益状况进行了分析，结果表明邹平县码头乡农用林业建设经济效果比较理想。     

山东省发展高效生态林业的设想

本文依据生态经济学原理,从山东省情及林业现状分析,探讨了山东发展高效生态林业的内涵、类型及目标。通过发展高效生态林业,使林业与其相关行业和谐、协调、公平发展,实现山东林业的可持续发展。     

林业发展中金融创新模式研究

通过对金融创新与金融创新模式的联系与区别的探讨,界定了林业发展中金融创新模式的内涵。通过对不同类型林业经营特点的分析,结合我国林业发展及金融发展的现状,提出了适合我国不同类型林业发展的三种金融创新模式:国有商品林为主要成分下的林业金融创新模式、私有商品林为主要成分下的林业金融创新模式和公益林为主要成分下的林业金融创新模式。     

云南省林业循环经济发展水平实证研究

根据循环经济的基本原则和云南省林业循环经济发展的现状,建立了云南省林业循环经济发展水平评价指标体系;然后依据云南省近11年的数据和2011年西部12个省份的指标数据,采用主成分分析,综合分析出云南省林业循环经济发展水平及其在西部地区的地位,并从林业资源循环利用、林业资源消耗、生态环境、社会和经济发展四个方面分阶段评述了云南省林业循环经济的发展水平,分析了目前云南省林业经济发展的优势和不足,提出了相关建议。     

农用林业生态经济效益计量模型

通过对农作物与白蜡条间作模式的生态经济效益的分析及计量模型的研究，探讨农用林业的生态经济效益评价。     

全球兴起制定国家林业行动计划的热潮

一、制定国家林业行动计划的背景 在里约环发大会之后,根据大全通过的21世纪议程第十一章的要求,各国纷纷开始制定和实施本国的国家林业行动计划,用以管理、保护、利用和持续发展森林资源。目前,有31个国家已开始实施国家林业行动计划,19个国家即将进入实施阶段,而热带林行动计划则是他们在制定国家林业行动计划时最重要的参考框架。     

庭园林业探析

目前，庭园林业在广大农村呈蓬勃发展之势，本文就庭园林业的概念、性质、模式类型和措施等方面作了初步探讨与归纳。     

生态林业在我国林业发展中的意义和前景（续完）

4 生态林业在振兴我国林业中的意义4.1 生态林业有利于把林业纳入科学集约经营的轨道纵观世界林业发展进程,人类与森林的关系大致经历了破坏森林、保护和恢复森林以及发展森林三个阶段。目前,发达国家已进入第三阶段,即集约经营扩大森林再生产的阶段。马克思把扩大再生产分为外延和内涵两种类     

Integrating environmental and economic performance to assess modern silvoarable agroforestry in Europe

The environmental and economic performance of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PROMETHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate the integrated performance of silvoarable agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen landscape test sites in Spain, France, and The Netherlands. The silvoarable scenarios allocated a proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%) to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree densities (50 or 113 trees ha^− 1) on two different qualities of land (best or worst quality land). The status quo (conventional arable farming) was also assessed for comparison. The criteria used in the evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and infinite net present value) were assessed at each landscape test site; infinite net present value was assessed under six levels of government support. In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal weighting between environmental and economic performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was preferable to conventional arable farming. The best results were observed when agroforestry was implemented on 50% of the highest quality land on the farm; the effect of tree density (50-113 trees ha^− 1) was small. By contrast, in Spain and The Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability of conventional arable agriculture relative to the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance of agroforestry systems dependent on the proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density and land quality used.     

混农林业与林业的可持续发展

本文从生态效益、经济效益和社会效益角度出发，阐述了混农林业与持续林业的关系，指出混农林业是林地持续利用，实现持续林业的良好途径之一。     

The economic relevance of sustainable agroforestry practices — An empirical analysis from Tanzania

This paper investigates the economic relevance of sustainable behavior of agroforestry practices for smallholders using the example of firewood exploitation in rural Tanzania. Three questions are addressed: (1) To what extent do households behave sustainably regarding firewood extraction from agroforestry? (2) Which factors determine the likelihood of households practicing sustainable agroforestry? (3) Are sustainably behaving households better off in terms of income compared to households practicing unsustainable agroforestry? The analysis is based on cross-sectional data of 314 households. A sustainability indicator shows that the share of sustainable households varies between 14 and 41% depending on the underlying wood growth rate. The results of the logistic regression indicate that property rights regarding the ownership of agricultural land and environmental awareness increase the likelihood of sustainable firewood extraction. Empirical evidence from the quantile regression reveals that poorest households generate higher income if they extract firewood unsustainably. The opposite is true for households of upper income percentiles. Thus, the poor are likely to increase environmental degradation to generate more income causing a ‘downward spiral’ of the poverty–environment trap resulting in income losses in the long run. Households with a per capita income of 524 TZS or more manage their tree stocks sustainably.     

四川省云阳县桐粮间作类型及效益分析

本文简介了云阳县的自然条件和桐粮间作类型，着重分析了相粮间作的经济、生态及社会效益。最后，提出了进一步发展混农林业的建议。     

建立农林复合生态系统是东北国有林区治危兴林的重要途径

我国东北国有林区正面临着森林资源危机和林业企业经济危困的局面。采取何种措施治理两危已成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。本文通过对九公里多种经营场的调查,认为建立农林复合生态系统是实现治危兴林的重要途径之一。     

Traditional vs. modern production systems: Price and nonmarket considerations of cacao producers in Northern Ecuador

Many factors besides profit maximization, such as nonmarket ecological and social benefits, influence smallholder households to adopt a specific agricultural production system or sell in a particular market. Thus, different analytical techniques are needed that take into consideration more than monetary income to fully capture these additional benefits to better understand the production decisions of smallholder farmers. We build on previous work on the household model and shadow wage estimation to develop a shadow wage for Ecuadorian cacao producers that includes these nonmarket benefits. We found that the shadow wage correctly indicated that, on average, these households would prefer to use an agroforestry production system instead of the more profitable modern system because of the nonmarket benefits received from the former system.     

Sustainable livelihoods in a Coptis-planting based rural community: a case study in Shizhu County, China

Coptis chinensis is a medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine.This research features a case study in Shizhu County,China.Participatory Rural Appraisal（PRA） is used as the main tool for data collection.The study demonstrates that the current method of Coptis planting leads to forest destruction.Even with reforestation measures,it leads to the loss of biodiversity in the forest.It also shows that farmers cannot get satisfactory economic returns from Coptis planting,as the return is unstable and unpredictable.One alternative to the current Coptis planting mode is to incorporate it into the agroforestry system.Water shield planting also serves as a good alternative to Coptis planting itself.Improved methods of management,post-harvest processing,and marketing of Coptis are also proposed and analyzed.The intended contribution of this paper to the theoretical debate of sustainability shall be the provision of an example showing how agricultural production affects forest conservation.It also presents redressable measures to the negative consequences.Besides,one alternative livelihood pathway for the rural community in this case study is suggested.     

Accounting for single and aggregated forest incomes: Application to public cork oak forests in Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia)

This study presents an applied improvement in the agroforestry accounting system (AAS) approach to two public cork oak forests in the Mediterranean region: Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia). Both forests have similar environments but differ in land property rights, labour markets and countries (developed and developing economy, respectively).The income analysis considers the differences between forest ownership, and household and landowner economic rationalities. In the case of Jerez, the public landowner has a right to exclude others from using the forest resources; community employment and natural resource conservation criteria determine Jerez's management. In the Iteimia case, the public landowner has regulated free-use rights for livestock grazing, firewood and crops so that local households can meet their needs and improve their income. Households operate by maximizing their income from the full employment of their own family workforce.The results show that Jerez's management generates negative commercial capital income for the public landowner, despite receiving significant public subsidies, while it maintains high internal forestry investment that generates additional local employment. Conversely, Iteimia produces positive commercial capital income for the public landowner and high household self-employed labour income per hectare.