某大型网购平台中消费者权益保护存在的问题

随着网购的成熟化发展,现今的网购形式大多是通过几家大型网络购物平台垄断经营,消费者的权益被侵犯的案例也日渐增多。网购平台中的假货假优惠问题层出不穷、消费者恶意滥诉屡禁不止、网络恶意刷单持续存在、消费者维权难问题凸显、网购商品冷静期成本转嫁问题严重。这些问题的产生是基于网购平台及平台加盟商家对利益的追逐。通过分析消费者权益被侵犯的现状的原因,梳理出解决问题需要从严厉打击假货假优惠、建立消费者与经营者在线和解机制、第三方信用评价体系、冷静期网购商品损失责任承担的方面入手,从而缓解消费者、经营者及网购平台之间的矛盾,为相关立法和实践中的问题解决提供方法和建议,为消费者权益保护的立法完善和相关监管制度的确立提供一定的参考,从而更好地保护网络购物消费者的合法权益。     

电子商务中的消费者权益保护问题研究

电子商务中的消费者权益保护具有一定的特殊性。近年来,随着信息技术的快速发展,我国电子商务中的消费者权益保护面临许多问题,亟需采取以下对策给予解决:对从事网络经营的企业进行严格的市场准入限制;建立通过网络发布商业广告的经营者在主管部门登记备案制度;保障消费者在网络交易时所享有的知情权;注重对用户的信息及个人隐私的保护;保障消费者支付款项的安全;建立和完善统一适用的退货换货制度;建立和完善网上交易消费者权益保护的行政监管和司法诉讼机制。     

我国电子商务领域消费者权益保护存在的问题及对策研究

电子商务在我国处于初级发展阶段,消费者对电子商务中消费者权益保护的低信任度己成为其发展的最大障碍,在电子商务领域中加强对消费者权益的保护无疑具有极其重要的意义。文章从消费欺诈、交易安全、隐私保护、格式合同、司法管辖五个方面分析了我国电子商务领域消费者权益保护存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策及建议。     

第三方电子商务支付平台的构建

支付问题一直是电子商务发展的瓶颈问题,第三方电子商务支付平台可以较好地解决长期困扰电子商务支付的诚信环境与安全机制问题,使电子商务的信息流、资金流与物流得以协同运作。一、第三方电子商务支付平台的兴起与现状1、第三方电子商务支付平台的兴起网上支付面临交易安全与交易信用的挑战促使第三方电子商务支付平台的兴起。近几年来,随着互联网技术的发展,网络质量不断提高,上网门槛越来越低,互联网用户规模不断扩大,电子商务发展加快,网上支付成为电子商务的主要支付方式得以快速发展。至2005年底,全球互联网用户达到9.7亿,我国上网用…     

吉林省农产品电子商务发展现状及问题对策分析

文章对吉林省农产品电子商务的发展现状进了阐述,分析了农产品电子商务在运行中存在的问题,并对目前吉林省农产品电子商务的发展进行了调研,提出了适合吉林省农产品电子商务快速发展的对策。     

我国电子商务中消费者权益保护问题研究

随着信息技术的普及和发展,电子商务进入一个快速发展的阶段。由于电子商务自身特点及电子商务发展过程中的诸多原因,由此引发的消费者权益保护方面的问题不容忽视。因此,在当前形势下,就电子商务中消费者权益保护问题进行深入的研究具有十分重要的现实意义。     

我国电子商务快速发展的税收对策

随着科学技术水平的不断提高,我国电子商务得到快速发展,新型的交易方式给传统的税收政策和税收征收管理提出了挑战,本文对我国快速发展的电子商务所带来的税收问题进行剖析,对进一步完善电子商务的税收管理提出对策建议,以利于电子商务的健康发展及涉税业务的顺利处理。     

我国电子商务物流管理的问题与对策研究

电子商务作为一种新的模式得到了快速发展,但物流问题始终制约着电子商务的发展,本文分析了我国电子商务物流的现状及其存在的问题,并给出了解决物流问题的对策。     

旅游业电子商务平台构建

构建更加健全的旅游业电子商务平台,对于推动我国旅游业的发展有着重大的意义。本文结合我国旅游业电子商务平台构建的现状,分析旅游业电子商务平台构建存在的问题,并提出相关对策和建议。     

网络购物退货运费险发展现状及存在问题

随着电子商务的快速发展,保险机制引入到电子商务领域已成为必然趋势。退运险作为这一趋势下的产物,是解决网络购物中退货纠纷的有效手段。总结退运险发展的现状,分析退运险发展中存在的突出问题,提出相应的解决对策。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.