银行竞争环境下资本缓冲行为的实证研究

资本监管是审慎银行监管的核心,巴塞尔协议III将逆周期资本缓冲列为最重要的宏观审慎政策工具。本文对银行竞争环境下资本缓冲行为进行了理论分析,并基于2004-2013年我国79家商业银行面板数据,采用更具微观基础的Lerner指数测算了银行竞争度,对银行竞争、经济周期与资本缓冲之间关系进行了系统性检验。研究发现:我国商业银行资本缓冲水平存在典型的逆周期特征,竞争性的市场结构有利于改善银行的资本缓冲水平;银行个体竞争度的提高在增加银行风险承担激励和降低银行资本缓冲水平同时,显著地弱化了银行资本缓冲的逆周期特征。基于上述结论,本文认为监管当局在实施逆周期资本监管时,应该充分考虑银行竞争行为的影响。     

巴塞尔新资本协议与银行贷款定价——一个基于信贷市场系统性风险的模型

固定不变的资本金充足率已难以帮助商业银行有效抵御各类风险,为此巴塞尔新资本协议(BaselⅡ)规定了更富弹性的资本金要求。通过构建包含违约风险和系统性风险的银行贷款定价模型,本文研究了两类资本金弹性约束:纯粹考虑违约风险损失的最低资本金要求;兼顾违约风险损失与银行盈利能力的最低资本金要求。研究发现:(1)前一类资金本约束会导致不当的银行贷款定价决策,本文证明在巴塞尔新资本协议的内部评级法下采用这类资本金约束,会引起包含系统性风险的违约概率与贷款利率的反向联动,从而使银行失败的风险增大;(2)后一类资本金约束则能有效解决上述贷款定价与系统性风险之间存在的不合理关系。据此提出在普遍采用巴塞尔新资本协议的趋势下,我国银行业资本监管应高度重视信贷市场的系统性风险,银行的资本金充足率应兼顾风险因素与银行的赢利能力。     

财经研究2008年总目录

【金融研究】中国经济转型期商业银行资本与风险行为研究———兼论巴塞尔协议在我国的实施效果吴俊康继军张宗益1(51)产险业资本结构与承保风险对获利能力的影响———基于结构方程模型的实证分析赵桂芹王上文1(62)组织生态视角下的我国上市银行生存力研究葛敏许长新2(41)中国     

我国商业银行经济资本管理

巴塞尔新资本协议指出,资本配置的基本原则是将资本要求与风险度量直接挂钩.该原则确立了经济资本配置在银行经营管理中的重要地位,也为我国商业银行风险管理模式的变革与创新指明了方向.本文在分析经济资本的基础上,对我国商业银行实施经济资本管理提出了初步的操作思路.     

我国商业银行经济资本管理

巴塞尔新资本协议指出,资本配置的基本原则是将资本要求与风险度量直接挂钩。该原则确立了经济资本配置在银行经营管理中的重要地位,也为我国商业银行风险管理模式的变革与创新指明了方向。本文在分析经济资本的基础上,对我国商业银行实施经济资本管理提出了初步的操作思路。     

银行资本监管作为逆周期调节工具的经济学解释——基于逆周期“资本缓冲”功能的视角

2008年全球金融危机发生以后,如何通过资本充足率监管缓释银行信贷行为的亲周期效应、增强银行业在经济周期波动中的稳健性成为理论界和学术界高度关注的议题。本文对宏观经济波动下银行资本缓冲的调整行为进行了理论分析．并采用1998～2011年全球100个国家1708家商业银行年度非平衡面板数据．对理论假说进行了实证检验。研究结果表明：第一,商业银行不具备逆周期调节资本缓冲的行为特征．其资本缓冲与宏观经济波动呈现负向变动关系;第二,银行资产风险承担水平在经济上行（下行）周期的提高（降低）,是造成资本缓冲呈现亲周期特征的主要原因;第三,商业银行所处地区的经济发达程度、自身的微观特征会显著影响资本缓冲的周期性调整行为：第四,巴塞尔资本协议Ⅱ的施行,强化了资本缓冲与经济周期的负向变动关系,从而加剧了宏观经济波动。基于上述结论,本文得出了监管当局科学运用逆周期资本缓冲工具的相关政策建议。     

新巴塞尔协议与我国商业银行资本充足率研究

资本充足率反映了银行资本抵御意外风险损失的能力,但是我国商业银行的资本充足率与国际水平相比明显偏低。随着全球经济一体化的加速进行,我国商业银行要参与国际银行业的竞争,这一问题就显得更加突出和紧迫。研究和把握《新巴塞尔协议》,认识我国银行运用新巴塞尔协议所面临的挑战和问题,探索改善的途径与措施,是推进我国商业银行改革．完善资木监管的现实选择、     

《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》的成本分析

新出台的《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》提高了资本充足率和流动性要求，虽然降低了银行的系统性风险，但也给银行带来了成本提高的压力。重点分析了《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》对银行成本的直接影响和对非银行金融机构的间接影响以及对经济产生的最终影响，并对我国实施《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》提出政策建议。     

基于《巴塞尔协议III》完善我国商业银行资本管理的建议

新巴塞尔协议在2004年出台了，对我国商业银行资本管理产生了深远的影响。比如对我国商业银行而言，既给我国商业银行带来了机遇，也使我国商业银行面临一些挑战。对于《巴塞尔协议III》，我国监管部门应该根据我国银行机构的发展现状和国际化程度来区别对待。为了完善我国商业银行资本管理，中国银行业监管部门应该结合中国国情，实事求是、“因地制宜”地确定合理的资本管理标准，维护银行体系的稳健运行。而我国商业银行自身也应该在《巴塞尔协议III》实施的过渡期内，加快制定相关应对措施。通过各种有效途径扩大资本补充，提升资本使用效率，加强流动性风险管理，加快银行转型，     

巴塞尔协议对银行经营行为的影响分析

巴塞尔协议的实施已有十几的历史，本文对巴塞尔协议实施的效果进行的分析，分析了银行在资本充足率、资本套利、风险行为、竞争力、对向发展中国家贷款等方面发生的变化。并分析了新协议在我国应用面临的问题及因应对策。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Is wealth found in the soil or in the brain? Investing in farm people in Malawi

Should a typical developing country invest more in agriculture or education? At what stage of development is it optimal to invest more in each of these sectors? These are important questions that governments of developing countries grapple with when designing investment plans. In this paper, I propose a soil–human capital conceptual framework of development and use it to explain estimates of agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi. I use panel survey data for Malawi and rely on the exogenous education policy changes and spatial variation in access to schooling to identify effects of schooling on agricultural incomes. In addition, I correct for selection into income activities within a panel data and instrumental variables estimation framework. I find annual agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi of 3%–4% after correcting for selection and unobserved heterogeneity and 7% in the uncorrected specifications. I also find consistently higher returns to schooling in the nonagricultural sector for those not living in the village of birth and higher returns in the agricultural sector for those living in the village of birth. Given the size of the farm sector, wealth in Malawi is still in the soil, but that future growth in wealth depends on human capital investments.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.     

Agricultural Roots in Intergenerational Transfers in China

Economists have been interested in the motivations of intergenerational transfers, for different motivations affect the effectiveness of anti-poverty public transfers. However, one’s motivation is largely shaped by culture and social conventions. This paper sheds light on the influence of rice cultivation in intergenerational transfers in China. This is also the first time that economists consider cultural factors in the study of intergenerational transfers. Cultivating rice requires elaborate irrigation systems and large amounts of labor input so that rice farmers have to cooperate extensively with their neighbors, which has gradually shaped people’s value to be more inter-dependent. Based on micro-level data from CHARLS and sub-national rice data from China, our empirical results show strong evidence that individuals from rice regions are more likely to provide economic support for their parents. A one-percentage point increase in the share of rice in the total grain planting area will raise transfer incidence by 0.2–0.4 percentage points, and rice region residents transfer on average 300–400 yuan more in 2011 and about 1,000 yuan more in 2013 to their parents than those from wheat regions. Meanwhile they are more inclined to rely on their adult children for elderly support. Urban citizens are less affected. Using instrumental variable estimation, we are able to prove the effect is causal. With future continued deepening of population aging in China, relying on children for old age support may become more and more unrealistic, the government needs to coordinate the relationship between public transfer and private transfer to ensure the quality of life for the elderly.     

2010年黑龙江省宏观经济展望

受世界金融危机的影响,从2008年下半年起黑龙江省经济持续走低,2009年一季度跌入谷底。2009年前三季度,在国家扩大内需的政策刺激下,黑龙江省经济企稳回升,但经济运行中还存在出口下滑、物价水平较低等问题,经济下行的压力仍然存在,经济持续回升的基础尚待巩固。展望2010年,国家将继续实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,随着政策效应的逐步释放,内需对经济的拉动作用仍将十分强劲,另外,随着世界经济的复苏,黑龙江省外贸形势也将逐渐好转,在＂投资、消费、出口＂这三驾马车的共同作用下,2010年黑龙江省经济将步入全面复苏通道。     

Gender Differences in Time-Poverty in Rural Mozambique

Based on time-use data from a 2013 primary household survey, this study examines the nature and extent of time-poverty experienced by men and women in peasant households in Mozambique. The main findings indicate that while women's labor allocation to economic activities is comparable to that of men, household chores and care work are almost entirely women's responsibility. The heavy burden of responsibilities leave women significantly time-poorer compared to men. Women's time-poverty worsens when the burden of simultaneous care work is taken into account. In addition, due to multitasking, the work tends to be more taxing. The examination of determinants of time-poverty shows that common measures of individual economic power, such as assets and education, do not necessarily affect the time-poverty faced by women.     

Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.