社会资本、经济绩效与经济发展

社会资本是人们获得权力、决策、资源的规范、网络及组织。它包括三个方面内容———信任、普遍的规范和协会组织。有效的社会资本通过建立人与人之间相互重复的影响机制 ,减少机会主义行为 ,增强人与人之间的信任 ,降低了交易成本 ,促进经济增长。社会资本理论的引入对经济发展理论提供了新思路。     

社会资本影响企业绩效的机制研究

社会资本是企业资本的重要组成部分之一,它主要是由企业内部和企业之间的信任、互惠和合作有关的一系列态度和价值观所构成的。社会资本对提高企业的绩效具有不可替代的作用。本文通过对资源配置、知识共享与信息传播、技术创新和交易费用等因素的作用来实现社会资本对企业绩效影响的机制。     

企业能力还是企业社会资本——企业捐赠的影响因素

企业是中国慈善事业的主体。以往的研究多从经济学视角探寻企业能力对企业捐赠行为的影响，忽视非经济因素影响。本研究在企业能力基础上，加入社会网络、民间聚集及信任等衡量企业社会资本的指标，考察企业能力与企业社会资本对企业捐赠行为的影响。研究发现，企业能力对企业捐赠行为影响是存在的，同时企业社会网络规模、企业与经济部门的网络密度、企业民间聚集程度、企业对经济部门及非盈利部门的信任水平等都影响企业捐赠行为。企业能力是捐赠行为的基础，社会资本是捐赠行为的催化剂。     

社会网络与信任文化的生成

信任是社会资本必不可少的组成部分。现代信任理论认为,信任文化对于一个地区的政治稳定、经济发展、社会和谐和文化进步等方面起着举足轻重的作用。但是信任文化的生成是受到许多因素制约的。波兰著名的社会学家彼得·什托姆普卡在研究信任文化的生成时发现社会网络对信任文化的生成具有重要影响。通过对广西实证资料的分析我们发现,社会网络规模对信任文化的生成影响不大,网络趋同性对信任文化的生成具有重要影响。     

社会信任对企业现金股利分配的影响

社会信任是一种重要的非正式制度，其对企业的行为有重要的影响。那么，社会信任对企业的现金股利分配有什么影响？以2009—2020年中国A股上市公司为样本，探讨了社会信任对企业现金股利分配的影响。研究发现，企业所处地区的社会信任越低，企业越不倾向于分配现金股利；地区金融发展水平和法治水平越高，越会弱化社会信任与企业现金股利分配的正向关系。进一步研究发现，社会信任低会增加企业的融资约束程度和盈余管理程度，从而会使企业不倾向于进行现金股利分配。为此，要继续推进正式制度建设，遏制上市公司的机会主义行为；要全面推动诚信社会建设，提升社会信任水平，降低经济个体间的交易成本与交易风险。此外，企业要主动增加信息披露，缓解融资约束，减少“低股利”和“零股利”现象。     

社会资本影响农民收入水平吗——基于关系网络、信任与和谐视角的实证分析

社会资本是物质资本和人力资本之外另一种影响经济行为及绩效的资本形式。本文利用微观调查数据,从社会关系网络、信任与和谐等视角,检验社会资本是否影响中国农民收入。研究发现,社会关系网络、信任与和谐等对农民收入均产生了正向的影响作用,并且更高行政级别的地区平均信任水平的影响程度更大。研究还发现,某些社会资本(关系网络)与市场制度存在替代关系,而另一些社会资本(一般信任)则与市场制度相互补充,修正了Stiglitz的假说。     

地区经济差距中的社会资本、交易费用分析

社会资本是和物质资本、人力资本相并存的一种资本形式,它是指在现实中可以为个体或组织带来更多增值收益的除了物质资本和人力资本之外的所有客观存在,它的核心在于信任、合作。社会资本的使用通过影响交易费用大小并进而影响经济发展。本文将运用社会资本理论借以分析中国的地区差距问题,文章认为地区差距问题的主要原因在于不同地区社会资本内容的差异。     

从货币形态演变和区块链特征看技术信任的崛起

作为承载人们交易信任的货币在其演变过程中由有形转变为无形,随着比特币以及以比特币为原型的其他种类数字货币的全球化使用,传统社会中的人际信任模式被逐渐颠覆。区块链技术以其智能合约、去中心化、公开验证、代码开源、可追溯、防篡改、匿名性等特性简化了社会信任的过程,让更多人对区块链技术产生社会信任感。人们对技术系统的信任已经超过对专家系统的信任,技术信任从社会信任模式中脱颖而出,从此技术信任模式开始崛起,社会信任模式进入技术信任的时代。技术信任形成的“智能平台”与“新型社区”都借助区块链技术社会化给社会各领域带来巨大变革,技术信任崛起之后快速成为当前社会结构的底层逻辑,我们必须很好地掌控它的未来走向。     

福山:中国家族企业走向现代化大企业困难太大

福山在《信任》一书中指出,一个社会的成员互相信任、以组织形式进行合作的传统在社会学里叫社会资本。有几种社会资本能使人们彼此信任,建立经济组织。其中最明显和最自然的社会资本是重视家庭的传统。福山说,无论在历史上还是在今天,世界上的大多数企业仍然是家族拥有的。家庭结构影响家族企业的性质,而家庭企业对于经济发展的影响是好坏参半的。从经济学角度来说,社会性最重要的形式是陌生人之间能够彼此信任、在一个组织里进行协作。但是,这种自发的社会性在强调家庭关系、排除外人的社会里往往遭到削弱。一个社会如果仅仅重视家庭而不…     

中国社会的信任特征与金融市场的发展

信任是除物质资本和人力资本之外决定一个国家经济增长和社会进步的主要社会资本.社会信任状况会影响一国金融市场的繁荣,在很大程度上决定了企业融资方式.     

社会信任对产业协同集聚的影响研究*

本文在自由资本垂直关联的协同集聚模型中引入社会信任要素，通过构建理论模型考察社会信任作用于产业协同集聚的内在机制，研究分析表明社会信任水平越高，产业协同集聚程度也就越高，对经济发展的贡献越大。基于此，本文对我国30个省份投入产出分析表中的19种制造业门类数据进行了两两任意匹对，在逐步增加控制变量和克服内生性后，均能验证上述结论。鉴于发展程度差异，本文又进行了区域异质性研究，发现社会信任对东部地区和高市场化地区的产业协同集聚的边际效应明显高于中西部地区和低市场化地区。因而，通过提升地区社会信任水平促进产业协同集聚，推动区域经济高质量增长，应是地方政府工作的重点之一，特别是东部较发达地区和市场化程度较高的地区。     

Regional economic growth disparities: A political economy perspective

Regional differences in economic growth have been observed within many countries. Our story emphasises three region-specific factors driving growth—capital, labour and political factors. Conditional on differences in production factor (i.e., labour and capital) variations across democratic states, what role do differences in underlying “political factors” across regions play in accounting for regional growth disparities? We build a political economy model of endogenous growth where regions have the same political institutions, but experience different (and estimable) distributions over voter political biases (i.e., our “political factors”). In our model, political factors affect regional productivity as a consequence of politico-economic equilibrium. We discipline our regional growth accounting exercises by calibrating/estimating each model to American state-level economic and political-survey data. We show that the capital factor is the predominant driving force behind growth in American states. Nevertheless, regional variations in distributions of voter's political biases also account a great deal for regional growth disparities. We also evaluate how much politics would have distorted agents' welfare and regional growth, were regional economies given the opportunity to live under an efficient social planner's allocation system; and, if agents were to live under the same democratic system but where all voters have equal voting influence.     

社会资本的经济增长效应

全面而准确地探究社会资本对长期经济增长的影响机制,对提升社会资本在区域经济发展中的地位具有重大的现实意义,但传统的内生增长模型忽略了时间配置对社会资本积累与居民效用的影响.文章将社会资本积累过程内生化,构建了纳入社会资本的水平创新增长模型,综合考虑社会资本和闲暇时间对经济增长的非单调性影响,通过数值模拟发现:社会资本对经济增长具有边际效应递减的促进作用;而闲暇时间与经济增长之间呈现倒U形关系,即适当地增加闲暇时间有利于社会资本积累.文章还基于结构型社会资本的网络嵌入性特征,构建了地级市层面的社会资本测度指标,以验证社会资本具备生产要素的属性.实证结果表明:社会资本对经济增长具有显著的正向影响,其促进作用随着区域内城市经济发展水平的提高而提升;中西部地区社会资本的产出效率高于东部地区,从而间接反映了东部地区社会资本过度集聚的现状;投资水平与技术进步是社会资本影响经济增长的两条重要途径.上述结论为明晰社会资本的经济属性、激发社会资本的经济效益、推动城市集群协调发展以及缩小地区差异提供了有益的借鉴.     

社会资本在农村集体经济改革中的演变与构建

狭义上的社会资本指网络关系、社会规范以及信任程度,中国农村集体经济在这些方面具有不同于西方国家的特点。论文分析了在中国改革开放这一制度变迁的过程中社会资本发生变化的机理及其对农村集体经济的影响。根据理论研究提出应重构农村集体经济社会资本,这对于建设和谐社会、实现经济转型和提高农民收入等具有重意义。政策含义是：培育农村经济中介和社会中介组织,建立发挥合作经济的作用,明确供销社和信用社合作性质,同时,基层政府和社区的互动应该有边界。     

Regional variation in the capital structure adjustment speed of listed firms: Evidence from China

This paper investigates whether in China, a country large in size, geographically diverse and imbalanced in regional economic development, variation in firm capital structure¹ is systematically related to regional economic environment. In addition, we examine whether during macroeconomic recovery there is significant difference in the speed of adjustment in capital structure of firms located in different regions. The empirical analyses are based on 783 firms listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges during a sample period of year 2000 through 2014. Using GMM and Logit QMLE, we found strong evidence that the regional variation in the capital structure of listed firms is linked to growth indicator (the Market-to-Book value, MB), EBIT ratio, size of the firm and tangible assets (the value of Net Property, Plant and Equipment, PPE). In the process of economic recovery, there was apparent regional variation in the speed of adjustment in capital structure, i.e. the fastest adjustment in capital structure was found in East China while that of West China followed and that of Mid China the slowest, that is to say within a given period the leverage ratio of listed firms in East China rises or falls faster than in the other two regions.     

Social capital and social economics

The “discovery” of social capital in the early 1990s led to an upsurge of research into the economic impact of social cohesion and governmental effectiveness. This paper outlines key developments in the social capital literature over the past 13 years. It then examines theory and evidence of the links between social cohesion, quality of governance, economic performance and human welfare. The literature indicates that social capital makes a measurable contribution to economic development and overall wellbeing, particularly in developing countries. Partly in response to this emerging body of evidence, there has been increased interest in the application of community development principles to economic development initiatives. This paper argues that the advent of social capital theory represents a partial convergence between social economics and mainstream economics, and signifies an increased acceptance that economic activity cannot be meaningfully “disembedded” from social and political context.     

The Policy Ramifications of Capital as Ideas

In 1987, Baldwin Ranson wrote about capital and technology in economic growth. Ranson argued that capital should be defined as intangible ideas and technology that are not subject to supply and demand constraints. Thorstein Veblen (1908, 518) described his conception of capital as being “found in possession of something in the way of a body of technological knowledge, – knowledge serviceable and requisite to the quest of a livelihood.” John R. Commons (1934, 662) wrote in a similar vein that “capital is not an accumulation of past products of stored-up labor – these are transitory and aimless – capital is a going plant of industrial knowledge and experience.” More recently, Cesar Hidalgo (2015) and Paul Romer (1990, 1994) have also written about the idea of capital as ideas and the key to economic growth. Hidalgo (2015, 179) states that “the growth of information in the economy, which is ultimately the essence of economic growth, results from the coevolution of our species’ collective computation capacity.” The first section of this article explores the linkages between the older generation and more recent thinkers on the intersection of capital as technology and ideas. The second section explores the policy ramifications of this conceptualization of capital. Romer argues that temporary monopolies are needed to encourage investment in innovation. According to both Veblen and Ranson, these rules do not allow for the full social value of ideas to be utilized. The second part of this article also explores these differences using A. Allan Schmid’s situation-structure-performance (SSP) model.     

Decentralization,social capital,and regional growth: The case of the Italian North-South divide

This paper aims to show how a region's constant level of social capital may have a very different impact on its economic growth depending on whether the central or the local level of government is responsible for regional policy.Our case study is the economic performance of Northern and Southern Italy in the post-World War II period, when a long phase of regional convergence came to a sudden halt in the early 1970s. We focus on the economic effects of the 1970s institutional reforms on government decentralization and wage bargaining. Our main hypothesis is that decentralization allocates the provision of public capital to institutions, the local ones, more exposed to a territory's social capital. Since social capital is lower in the Southern regions, decentralization made their developmental policies less effective from 1970 onwards, and regional inequality increased.We build an endogenous growth model augmented to include the interaction between social capital and public investment as well as the reform of the Italian labour market. We calibrate our model using data of the Italian regions for 1951–71. Our quantitative results indicate that decentralization triggered the influence of local social capital on growth and played a central role in halting the convergence path of the low-social-capital regions.     

新制度经济学委托代理理论视野的拓展*

新制度经济学中的委托代理理论基于“经济人理性”假定，设计出了精密、精巧、精致的委托代理制度，有效化解了现代企业中委托人与代理人之间利益冲突并提升了企业运营效率。然而，现代企业实践已经证明，即使委托代理制度十分精密、精巧、精致，仍然没有彻底解决委托人与代理人之间的利益冲突和企业运营效率进一步提升问题。因此，必须拓展既有理论视野，从“经济人理性”假定拓展到“经济人+社会人+家庭人复合理性”假定，这样就能够实现委托代理理论视野的拓展。运用新制度经济学研究方法和双边对称信任数理模型表明：基于委托代理制度，进一步强化委托人与代理人之间双边对称信任度，可以进一步化解他们之间的利益冲突并且改善企业运营效率。基于这一结论，强化委托人与代理人之间双边对称信任度的具体路径是优化社会信任环境系统。     

促进区域经济发展的社会资本培育机制建设探讨

信任、合作、规范、网络、文化认同等社会资本要素在区域经济发展中的作用越来越明显,已成为自然资本、物质资本和人力资本的必要补充,并与其一起构成区域经济发展所必不可少的要素。因此,应充分发挥区域社会资本因素的作用,并与物质资本、人力资本等融合在一起,使之形成一种推动区域经济发展的合力。地方政府在关注区域内有形资本和人力资本的投入时,更应致力于社会资本的培育。具体而言,地方政府应建立健全法律规范,营造一个诚信的制度环境;加快构建社会信用体系;加强商会、行业协会等民间组织的作用;培育创新、信用、合作、开放的区域文化。