正交试验法优选银杏叶提取条件※

目的采用正交试验法优选银杏叶破碎提取的最佳条件.方法考察溶剂用量、乙醇浓度和提取时间3个因素,每个因素选取3个水平进行实验.结果与结论最佳工艺为A3B3C3,即用10倍量70%乙醇破碎提取2次,时间为3min,优选得到的工艺稳定可行.     

正交试验法优选黄芪西洋参口服液提取工艺的研究

目的 优选黄芪西洋参口服液的最佳提取工艺条件.方法 以总皂苷含量为指标,对影响提取的重要因素 A 加水量,B 提取次数,C 提取时间进行 L9(34)正交试验设计.结果 与结论最佳提取工艺为药材加 6 倍量水,提取 2 次,提取 1.5h/次,优选得到的工艺稳定可行.     

超声法提取山楂果实中总黄酮的工艺研究

目的建立超声法提取山楂果实总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。方法以总黄酮收率为指标,正交设计法优化山楂总黄酮的提取工艺。结果最佳超声提取工艺:乙醇浓度为70%,料液比为1:20,超声提取时间为40min,提取率3.85%。结论该方法可用于山楂总黄酮的提取,提取方法简单易行、提取时间短、效率高。     

消化颗粒的制备工艺分析及应用

目的探讨消化颗粒的制备工艺。方法以选用颗粒载药量为指标,对消化颗粒的制备工艺进行优选。结果将药材提取2次,分别为30min及20min,加8倍量水;浓缩浸膏至45%水分,加15.0ml乙醇制粒为最佳工艺条件。结论本实验筛选出了消化颗粒的最佳制备工艺,符合《中国药典》要求。     

木棉叶总黄酮的提取工艺优化研究

目的确定木棉叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。方法采用分光光度法,以槲皮素为标准品测定木棉叶中的总黄酮含量,在单因素实验的基础上通过正交实验对木棉叶总黄酮提取工艺条件进行优化。结果确定木棉叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为取70目的药材加入20倍量的80%乙醇回流1h,该提取工艺的总黄酮得率为25.172mg/g。结论本提取工艺具有简单、可靠、准确的特点,可作为木棉叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。     

止咳祛痰灵颗粒剂的制备工艺研究

目的探讨止咳祛痰灵颗粒剂的制备工艺。方法以选用颗粒载药量为指标,对止咳祛痰灵颗粒剂的制备工艺进行优选。结果将药材提取2次,分别为30min及20min,加8倍量水;浓缩浸膏至45%水分,加15.0ml 95%乙醇制粒为最佳工艺条件。结论本实验筛选出了止咳祛痰灵的最佳制备工艺,符合《中国药典》要求。     

山楂内消分散片中药材提取工艺研究

目的：优选山楂内消分散片中药材的最佳提取工艺。方法以正交试验法为核心,结合提取液中熊果酸的总含量以及总固体得率对优选山楂内消分散片中药材的提取工艺进行评判。结果较为理想的药材提取工艺：加水9倍,并先后2次提取,1 h/次。结论优选山楂内消分散片中药材的提取工艺各活性部位具有较高提取率,且利于操作,方便生产。     

银杏外种皮中银杏酸的提取工艺研究

文章采用正交试验法研究银杏外种皮提取率、外种皮中银杏酸提取工艺。研究结果表明：提取率（％）最佳工艺为A382C1,即70℃时60％乙醇提取2次,每次1-5h,提取率（％）达46．30％。银杏酸（％）最佳工艺为A382C1,即70℃时60%乙醇提取2次,每次1．5h,RP-HPLC法测得银杏酸（％）为7．852％。乙醇浓度对提取率（％）和银杏酸（％）均有显著性影响,应加以控制。     

护心颗粒提取工艺的研究

目的 研究护心颗粒制备的水提工艺条件.方法 以黄芪甲苷含量为考察指标,用正交实验法L9(34)正交表来安排试验,确定提取工艺.结果 各因素对提取工艺的影响大小为:煎煮次数>加水量>煎煮时间.结论 最佳提取方案为加6倍量,水煎煮2次,每次1.5小时.     

揉搓对玉竹中多糖提取率影响的研究

目的优选玉竹的产地加工的工艺参数。方法采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,以多糖含量为评价指标,优选其最佳揉搓时间。结果未揉搓多糖含量最低,揉搓6min含量最高。结论揉搓可以提高多糖的提取率。     

多糖类药物提取及分离分析

目的对多糖类药物的提取与分离方法和效果进行分析探讨,为今后的药物分析工作提供可靠的参考依据。方法提取方法有溶剂提取法、酸提取法、碱提取法、超临界流体萃取法;分离方法包括超滤法、沉淀法、柱层析法以及色谱法。结果通过上述提取分离方法能够获得多糖成分。结论近几年多糖类药物的药理作用已经受到了高度的重视,使得多糖类药物的提取与分离技术也得到了良好的发展。     

Fictitious play in 2×n games

It is known that every discrete-time fictitious play process approaches equilibrium in nondegenerate 2×2 games, and that every continuous-time fictitious play process approaches equilibrium in nondegenerate 2×2 and 2×3 games. It has also been conjectured that convergence to the set of equilibria holds generally for nondegenerate 2×n games. We give a simple geometric proof of this for the continuous-time process, and also extend the result to discrete-time fictitious play.     

Protecting Property: The Politics of Redistribution,Expropriation, and Market Openness

This paper develops a formal model to disentangle the competing political incentives for redistribution, expropriation, and market openness. Although redistribution and expropriation are both types of government extraction, redistribution re‐allocates wealth within the citizenry, while expropriation re‐allocates wealth from citizens to the government. Representative political institutions increase redistribution and reduce expropriation. Market openness changes these incentives, as foreign investors prefer reductions in both redistribution and expropriation. When political institutions are representative, the government will rely more on reducing expropriation, rather than limiting redistribution, to attract foreign investment. Under representative institutions then, openness partially reinforces the preferences of voters rather than undermining them. In addition, market liberalization occurs only when the policy changes needed to attract foreign investment are relatively small. If existing policies are satisfactory to foreign investors, moves toward openness may be accompanied by greater redistribution and expropriation, as governments are tempted by a larger base for extraction. Thus, openness has ambiguous effects on economic policy, at times encouraging and at times constraining extraction.     

Extracting Resource Deposits of Unknown Size: Optimal Order

Abstract. The optimal order of extracting resource deposits of unknown size depends on the informational characteristics of the extraction process. This paper fills the gap between two strands of literature. The first strand is about the optimal extraction of single reserve under stock-size uncertainty. The second strand is about the optimal order of extraction of deposits of known sizes. Our emphasis on the premium for resolution of uncertainty complements Solow and Wan's shadow surcharge when extraction moves from a low-cost deposit to a high-cost one.     

Impact of organizational innovation on product and process innovation

The purpose of this paper was to test the effect of organizational innovation on product and process innovation (while controlling for endogeneity). Our hypothesis was that organizational innovation should have a significant and positive impact on technical (product or process) innovation. We control for endogeneity by using a Poisson estimator that accommodates a binary endogenous regressor. We test 10 potential instruments using a battery of test criteria and settle on five. All results are presented using the five instruments to avoid expectation bias. In general we find that organizational innovation does impact technical innovation positively. With the 2009 data we find that the mean of the average treatment effect for product innovation is roughly 1.7 times that of process innovation. For the 2009–2012 data we find that the impact on product innovation is roughly 1.5 times that of process innovation. For the 2012 data, we had anomalous results for process innovation, such that organizational innovation reduced the number of process innovations by 2.3 per year. In terms of Canadian government policy, the results lend support to the view that technical innovation is not the only innovation that matters. The right policy mix may encourage firms to experiment with and adopt more organizational innovations to enhance technical innovation.     

近代以来中西政府经济职能理念的演化:大历史角度的比较与启示

近代以来,关于政府经济职能理念的演进,中国与西方发达国家有各自的演化过程.西方在市场经济的基本原则下,政府干预与经济自由不时交替进行:从重商主义到自由放任主义再到政府干预的加强,最近又出现二者的融合趋势.而中国近代从一开始,就是一个被动和赶超的过程,尽管市场意识在某些时期出现松动,但政府一直占有主导地位.从西方的经验来看,我们应该坚持有限政府理念,同时又得发挥政府的催化作用.     

明治日本的汉字观与日本人的自我认识

汉字最初传到日本之时作为象征神圣与权威的事物被日本人民所崇拜。然而到了近代特别是明治时期以来众多的知识分子却提出了以废除汉字为主的汉字观，并开展了盛极一时的汉字废除运动。明治知识分子的这种汉字观是受国学者及水户学者的影响而发展起来的自国优越思想。明治时期的汉字认识过程实际上就是自我身份构建的过程，既自我认识的过程。     

The economic impact of shale gas extraction: A review of existing studies

Recent advances in drilling technology have allowed for the profitable extraction of natural gas from deep underground shale rock formations. Several reports sponsored by the gas industry have estimated the economic effects of the shale gas extraction on incomes, employment, and tax revenues. None of these reports has been published in an economics journal and therefore have not been subjected to the peer review process. Yet these reports may be influential to the formation of public policy. This commentary provides written reviews of several studies purporting to estimate the economic impact of gas extraction from shale beds. Due to questionable assumptions, the economic impacts estimated in these reports are very likely overstated.