加强合作、积极参与、协调发展——简评张彬教授等著《APEC经济技术合作研究》

由武汉大学世界经济系系主任、博士生导师张彬教授等撰写的新著《APEC经济技术合作研究》一书,于2005年2月由南开大学出版社出版。作为国内第一本专门以亚太经合组织(APEC)经济技术合作为研究对象的著作,该书系统地研究了APEC经济技术合作发展历程、主要内容、运行机制、各主要成员参与APEC经济技术合作现状和APEC经济技术合作发展趋势,并针对我国参与APEC经济技术合作提出对策建议,是我国学术界对APEC问题研究取得的一项可喜的新成果。以下将从“加强合作、积极参与和协调发展”三个角度,对张彬教授等著的这本新作的主要观点做…     

APEC框架下中日韩三国的便利化举措

文章回顾了APEC在便利化方面作出的努力,总结了中日韩三国在APEC框架下采取的便利化措施,并建议将实现三国之间的无纸贸易环境作为未来中日韩自由贸易区框架下三国便利化合作的一个方向。     

中国参与APEC科技创新合作现状研究

亚太经合组织(APEC)是亚太地区最高级别的政府间经济合作机制。科技创新合作是近年来APEC经济体关切的中心议题之一。本文介绍了中国参与APEC科技创新合作的现状,探讨了中方机构参与APEC科技创新合作的经验及遇到的问题,提出了促进中方机构参与APEC科技创新合作的对策和措施。     

全球经济治理格局中的APEC:角色、挑战与前景

正亚太经合组织(APEC)是具有全球属性的地区性合作组织。作为涵盖亚太地区主要经济体的区域性经济合作组织,APEC不仅在促进亚太地区贸易自由化、投资便利化以及经济技术合作方面发挥着重要作用,而且由于其成员构成和地缘政治经济因素,使得APEC的合作进程在全球经济治理格局中也具有重要的影响力。同时,APEC与北美自由贸易区(NAFTA)、欧盟(EU)共同构成了区域经济合作的三种     

APEC机制改革与发展趋势:以经济技术合作为例

近年来APEC合作进展缓慢已成为不争的事实,凸显出APEC机制改革的必要性和紧迫性。作为APEC最具特色的合作内容,经济技术合作的运行机制与改革,也必将是APEC机制改革的重要环节。目前,经济技术合作存在资源配置机制、激励机制以及成果转化机制的缺位或不完善等问题。要与APEC整体改革相适应,经济技术合作的机制改革需要与FTAAP建设目标对接,并且进一步向制度化方向推进,更多地发挥私人部门的作用。     

从合作原则与合作目标的矛盾看APEC的发展

目前,APEC出现发展困境的根本矛盾在于发达经济体和发展中经济体的利益分歧和对立。经由经济体之间利益分歧和对立而展开的反复博弈所确立的自主自愿、开放的地区主义、渐进主义灵活机制等合作原则与合作目标之间的矛盾是目前APEC发展困境的直接原因。因此,APEC未来贸易自由化、便利化和经济技术合作的发展在于寻求合作原则与合作目标的平衡途经。“探路者”方式可以突破APEC发展瓶颈。     

APEC数字经济合作的最新进展及展望

数字经济改变了传统经济增长方式和贸易模式,催生出新需求、新业态和新领域,数字经济成为全球创新、转型和增长的重要驱动力,随着各国经济联系愈发紧密,数字经济合作逐渐成为国际经济合作的重要议题。APEC顺应数字经济快速发展的趋势,进行了战略规划、运行机制、组织结构方面的改革,以进一步加强亚太地区的数字经济合作。当前,APEC的数字经济议题不断拓展和深化,并在缩小"数字鸿沟"、推进亚太地区隐私保护等领域取得了重要进展。展望未来,信息基础设施建设和数字化转型依然是亚太地区数字经济合作的焦点,APEC应采取更灵活、多元的机制开展合作。     

美国能源政策新变化与中美能源合作前景

奥巴马政府就职后,实施绿色能源政治,这给中美能源合作提供了新的机遇。能源和气候变化成为中美合作的重点。文章指出了中美能源合作的特点与阻碍因素,并就深化中美能源合作提出了具体的建议。     

APEC区域贸易安排的新进展与中国的战略选择

成立于1989年的APEC，坚持“开放的地区主义”，以平等、协商、灵活、渐进的“APEC模式”推动亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化、便利化，以及经济技术合作的发展，其成员已由成立之初的12个发展到现在的21个。APEC发展的前期主要是制度建设，1994年的茂物会议确定了贸易和投资自由化的实施方案。最近几年，APEC在自由化和经济合作方面进展缓慢，出于拓展新的合作空间又加入了维护金融稳定、打击恐怖主义和卫生防疫等议题。     

中美能源关系现状、问题与对策研究

文章对中美能源关系现状与问题进行了分析,并进而提出了在美国"能源独立"背景下发展中美能源关系的对策建议。这些建议包括增进互信共同维护世界能源地缘政治稳定、加强两国在清洁能源和能源节约领域的合作、加强两国在气候变化与环境保护方面合作和搭建更多的能源交流与合作平台,等等。     

印度的低碳经济发展现状与趋势

印度作为发展中国家,其脆弱的应对气候变化能力,以及能源结构的不合理性等问题,促使其在低碳经济的道路上不断地变革。自2006年8月起,印度先后出台了一系列应对措施,包括:组织专家起草《能源综合政策报告》、成立总理气候变化委员会、推出《国家应对气候变化计划》等项措施。其中,《国家应对气候变化计划》提出了8个核心国家计划,涉及太阳能、能源效率、可持续居住环境、水资源管理与利用、喜马拉雅生态环境、植树造林、可持续农业和应对气候变化等8个领域,为印度有效地实施低碳生态的可持续发展提供了一个行动框架。2011年,印度清洁能源投资103亿美元,比2010年高出约52%,这是世界所有重要经济体中的最高增长。印度将持续有效地推动低碳经济发展,注重市场调节,稳定政府的优惠政策,加强国际合作。     

TIME PREFERENCE, ABATEMENT COSTS, AND INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY: AN APPRAISAL OF IPCC 1995

This paper appraises current economic methodologies used in analyzing the social rate of time preference and discounting, abatement costs, and value of life estimates as they relate to climate change. It makes a case for choosing an appropriate rate of time preference when assessing climate policies, including both positive and normative considerations. Furthermore, the paper argues that the currently estimated disparity in the cost of greenhouse gas abatement between developed countries and developing countries may be inaccurate. Integrating discount rates, abatement costs, and value of life estimates highlights important and contrasting implications of international climate policy for developing and high-income countries. The context of the paper is the forthcoming Second Assessment Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.     

美国应对全球气候变化的科技计划

2002年2月，美国总统布什改组了美国应对全球气候变化的领导机构，以协调和指导美国应对全球气候变化的科技活动。在新的领导体制下，美国气候变化科学研究和与气候相关的技术开发项目集成到了一个前所未有的程度，形成了相互关联的两大科技计划，即气候变化科学计划（CCSP）和气候变化技术计划（CCTP），并设立了相应的气候变化科技计划管理机构。 本文对上述两大计划，以及美国未来应对全球气候变化、减少温室气体排放的近期和中长期技术选择进行了调研，供参考。     

气候变化政策中的技术变迁模型

技术变迁对于减缓和适应气候变化起着至关重要的作用。对近年来关于气候变化政策模型研究中的技术变迁处理方法进行了回顾。气候变化政策模型中广泛应用的有"自下而上"和"自上而下"两种方法,前者强调对能源系统细节的、技术性的处理方法,后者强调理论上对整个经济体的一致性描述。自下而上和自上而下模型都是为了帮助设计温室气体的减排政策,但是两种模型都依赖于对能源替代性和技术变迁动力学的过于简单的假设。通过对气候变化政策分析中常用的综合性模型进行归纳,总结不同模型的前提假设和模型中处理技术变迁的不同方法,以及不同的计算方法。     

Assessing the performance of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme

The UK’s Climate Change Programme introduced an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) for greenhouse gases. Firms in over 40 industrial sectors which have negotiated “Climate Change Agreements” setting quantitative energy efficiency targets can use the ETS to trade over-and under-compliance with these targets. In parallel, a limited number of firms have become major participants in the ETS as a result of an auction of subsidies for additional abatement commitments. The paper describes the UK arrangements and assesses the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of the ETS, drawing on evidence of participants’ behaviour both in the incentive auction, and in subsequent trading.     

Political Economy of International Policy on the Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies in Global Climate Change Regime

Global governance on climate change has embraced the transfer of environmentally sound technologies as a crucial means of implementation to meet mitigation and adaptation. During the negotiation toward the Paris Agreement that replaced the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the negotiation on technology development and transfer experienced contestation between developed and developing countries over policy direction and options. Under this context, why, in which policy options, and how developed and developing countries have clashed have not been fully explored yet in the issue area of climate change. This paper attempts to unpack the negotiations over technology development and transfer as a part of the Paris Agreement by three dimensions of marketisation, privatisation, and de-regulatory approach on the theoretical ground of discursive contestation between neo-liberalism and structuralism. This research, revealing the ground and the range of stretched contestant policy options, will provide a means to discern whether policies and modalities to be adopted to implement the Paris Agreement are skewed toward developed countries or developing countries.     

Global warming and livestock husbandry in Kenya: Impacts and adaptations

This paper examines the economic impact of climate change on livestock production in Kenya. We estimate a Ricardian model of net livestock incomes and further estimate the marginal impacts of climate change. We also simulate the impact of different climate scenarios on livestock incomes. The Ricardian results show that livestock production in Kenya is highly sensitive to climate change and that there is a non-linear relationship between climate change and livestock productivity. The estimated marginal impacts suggest modest gains from rising temperatures and losses from increased precipitation. The predictions from atmospheric ocean general circulation models suggest that livestock farmers in Kenya are likely to incur heavy losses from global warming. The highest and lowest losses are predicted from the Hadley Centre Coupled model (HADCM) and Parallel Climate Model (PCM) respectively, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. The paper concludes that in the long term, climate change is likely to lead to increased poverty, vulnerability and loss of livelihoods. Several policy interventions are recommended to counter this impact.     

Resource Use under Climate Stabilization: Can Nuclear Power Provide Clean Energy?

The long‐term goal of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the stabilization of carbon concentration in the atmosphere. In this paper, we impose a carbon target concentration on a partial equilibrium model of the global energy sector. Specifically, we ask whether nuclear power can provide carbon‐free energy as fossil fuel resources become costly due to scarcity and externality costs. We find that nuclear power can reduce the cost of generating clean energy significantly and relatively quickly. However, beyond a few decades the role of nuclear power may be considerably reduced as uranium becomes scarce and renewables become economical. The cost of carbon when nuclear power supplies a significant share of energy is much lower than that of other studies. A policy implication is that current political and regulatory impediments to the expansion of nuclear generation may prove to be costly if large volumes of clean energy need to be supplied over a relatively short period of time.     

The Unconscious Countermovement and the Conscious Polanyian Movement: A New Vocabulary for Contemporary Polanyian Scholarship

ABSTRACT

This article aims to overcome an impasse in current Polanyian scholarship by suggesting a new vocabulary to explain Polanyi’s ‘double movement’ and ‘countermovement’ concepts – the unconscious countermovement and the conscious Polanyian movement. It argues current literature often misinterprets these core concepts, which can lead to a misunderstanding of Polanyi’s general thesis. This paper uses the Carton (2018. On the Nature of the Countermovement: A Response to Stuart et al.’s ‘Climate Change and the Polanyian Countermovement: Carbon Markets or Degrowth?’. New Political Economy)-Stuart et al. (2019. Climate Change and the Polanyian Counter-movement: Carbon Markets or Degrowth? New Political Economy, 24 (1), 89–102) debate on the countermovement to exemplify some of the current misapplications of the countermovement as explicitly ‘anti-capitalist’ (Stuart et al. 2019. Climate Change and the Polanyian Counter-movement: Carbon Markets or Degrowth? New Political Economy, 24 (1), 89–102) movements. This paper argues that in fact all countermovements, as described in The Great Transformation, are necessarily non-ideological. I argue that dialectics and consciousness are fundamental to understanding the double movement and countermovement concepts and that highlighting the conscious/unconscious dynamic within Polanyi’s work helps avoid misreadings of key concepts and provides a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of Polanyi’s general theory.     

即将到来的低碳经济时代

2009年12月召开的哥本哈根气候变化大会,尽管就如何应对气候变化没能达成广泛的共识,只是勉强通过了一个不具法律约束力的协议,会议的形式多于内容。但会议所倡导的低碳经济的生产和生活方式受到各界的关注和重视,成为新的热点,具有实实在在的现实意义。显然,在全球气候变化加剧和自然环境急剧恶化的情况下,低碳经济渐渐进入人们的视线,改变人类生产和生活方式的低碳经济新时代即将到来。