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1.
合理工资是指在市场出清的条件下家庭和企业都愿意接受的工资,是既能使家庭收入实现最大化,又能保证企业利润最大化目标实现的均衡工资。合理工资应当符合三个条件:家庭消费均衡,生产者利润最大化的均衡,市场出清。合理工资率的形成取决于企业的利润最大化行为、家庭的效用最大化行为、进出口差额、财产性收入水平和消费倾向与政府税率等多种因素。  相似文献   

2.
集体协商制度是规范企业工资集体协商行为, 是以维护职工和企业的合法权益, 促进劳动关系和谐稳定为目的。开展集体协商应当遵循合法、公开、平等、协商一致、兼顾职工和企业双方利益的原则, 保障职工实际工资收入与企业劳动生产率、经济效益及社会经济发展水平相适应。通过工资集体协商,既保证  相似文献   

3.
<正> 传统的计划工资模式的特点我国传统的计划工资模式具有以下特点:(1)国家指令性计划直接控制工资总额。(2)实行级别工资制。劳动者按国家政策和计划指标确定工资级别。(3)以人为估计的办法评估作为工资依据的劳动量。这种工资模式虽然在控制工资总额及积累与消费的比例、保障劳动者基本收入等方面显示了很大作用,但由于“平均主义”和工资刚性作崇而失去了工资对劳动的激励作用和劳动资源的优化配置作用。首先,由于人为估计劳动者之“劳”的主观随意性,以及非经济因素参与工资级别的确定,他职工工资与企业的经营效果,物价水平及国民  相似文献   

4.
何以穷国与富国同工而不同酬,单从社会经济效率中找原因并不能说明任何问题。根据《资本论》劳动力价值理论及工资本质理论,不同国家生产力水平不同,劳动力价值也不同。尽管从事相同工作的工作效率基本相同,所拿到的体现劳动力价值的工资则不同。根据《资本论》商品交换理论和价值规律理论。商品的价值量与体现在商品中的劳动的量成正比,与这一劳动的生产力成反比。劳动生产率没有提高或劳动生产率与穷国差别不大的发达国家的那部分服务业,其远远高于发展中国家同行的高工资或劳动力价值,并非来自全社会创造价值的无偿分配,而是来自通过市场交换实现的本部门商品总价值量,归根到底是根源于本部门劳动者自身劳动的创造。  相似文献   

5.
一、国有企业人力资源配置与工资管理政策的相互影响 1.“两个低于”政策对企业人力资源配置的影响。两个低于是指工资总额增长低于效益总量增长,人均工资增长低于人均效益增长。两个低于政策可能主要是基于宏观经济控制的要求而提出的,但在微观上造成了企业行为与微观经济学_边际分析原来的背离,企业的资源配置因而不能得到优化,即企业没有充分利用社会资源,特别是劳动资源,最大化地创造价值。  相似文献   

6.
本文针对工业企业职工工资的增长速度呈现放缓趋势、职工工资总额占GDP总额的比重持续下降等问题,分析了我国工业企业工资增长的影响因素。本文基于2003—2012年工业企业省际面板数据,选取多个工资增长的影响因素,建立了动态面板模型进行经验研究。研究结果表明,工资粘性、地区生产总值和劳动生产率是影响工资增长的主要因素;而对于不同所有制企业,失业率、人力资本水平和最低工资增长率的影响均不同。  相似文献   

7.
一、国有企业人力资源配置与工资管理政策的相互影响 1.“两个低于”政策对企业人力资源配置的影响。 两个低于是指工资总额增长低于效益总量增长,人均工资增长低于人均效益增长。两个低于政策可能主要是基于宏观经济控制的要求而提出的,但在微观上造成了企业行为与微观经济学——边际分析原理的背离,企业的资源配置因而不能得到优化,即企业没有充分利用社会资源,特别是劳动资源,最大化地创造价值。  相似文献   

8.
国家计委日前透露,我国今后将推行工资谈判制度。根据这一制度,今后企业工资分配方式、工资水平及其增幅应主要依据单位经济效益、劳动生产率和劳动市场供求状况,通过集体协商谈判来决定。国家计委的新思路还包括:规范工效挂钩效益指标,物质生产部门要以实现劳动生产率为约束指标,同时辅以适当的行业性经  相似文献   

9.
陈洪安 《技术经济》2003,22(2):24-25
一、效率工资的理论分析1.边际生产率工资理论的局限性。边际生产率工资理论认为 ,企业工人工资的高低是由劳动投入要素的边际产值决定的 ,工人的劳动边际产值越高 ,工资越高。这一理论的基础是古典经济学的边际分析 ,厂商利润最大化的条件是边际成本等于边际收益 ,工人的工资取决于工人的边际生产力 ,厂商劳动力的最佳雇佣量是劳动的边际成本等于劳动的边际收益。边际生产率工资理论成立是有较为严格的假设 :①工人的劳动是可以精确地度量。确定工人劳动的边际产值 ,须要对工人的劳动贡献作准确无误的测量 ,但实际上 ,对工人的劳动贡献是很…  相似文献   

10.
剩余价值是一个以剩余产品为尺度 ,评价扩大生产与生活消费规模行为的合理性 ,进而规范扩大生产与生活消费规模行为的范畴。决定一般剩余价值量的因素是社会平均劳动生产率的水平与劳动支出总量 ;决定超额剩余价值量的因素是个别先进劳动生产率高于社会平均劳动生产率的幅度和与先进劳动生产率相关联的劳动支出总量。一般剩余价值水平及其变动最终取决于社会的平均知识水平、知识含量及其变动 ;超额剩余价值的源泉则在于知识在不同企业间的差异分布。必须保护知识要素所有者的权益并承认其参与剩余价值分配的合理性与必要性。  相似文献   

11.
An aggregate wage equation is formulated based on a disequilibrium labor market model. The specification allows for an important special case to be tested, namely the equilibrium hypothesis that real wages move instantaneously to equate the demand for and supply of labor. The hypothesis that the British labor market has been in equilibrium is rejected. The adjustment path for real wages is monotonic and dominated by demand factors. Real wages move quickly to eliminate excess demand but the results contradict the monetarist contention that the aggregate labor market is continuously in a temporary, if not full, equilibrium.  相似文献   

12.
We determine the optimal degree of price inflation volatility when nominal wages are sticky and the government uses state-contingent inflation to finance government spending. We address this question in a well-understood Ramsey model of fiscal and monetary policy, in which the benevolent planner has access to labor income taxes, nominally risk-free debt, and money creation. Our main result is that sticky wages alone make price stability optimal in the face of shocks to the government budget, to a degree quantitatively similar as sticky prices alone. Key for our results is an equilibrium restriction between nominal price inflation and nominal wage inflation that holds trivially in a Ramsey model featuring only sticky prices. Our results thus show that when nominal wages are sticky, setting real wages as close as possible to their efficient path is a more important goal of optimal monetary policy than is financing innovations in the government budget via state-contingent inflation. A second important result is that the nominal interest rate can be used to indirectly tax the rents of monopolistic labor suppliers. Taken together, our results uncover features of Ramsey fiscal and monetary policy in the presence of a type of labor market imperfection that is widely-believed to be important.  相似文献   

13.
A general-equilibrium duopoly trade model is developed. In the micro model, constant-elasticity market demand curves produce backward-bending reaction functions. This is combined with a macro analysis in which the real wage is determined competitively, while nominal variables depend on the money supply. Trade can lead to large increases in aggregate output, employment, and real wages. The gains from trade are the result of increases in market size, and greater competition in each market. The benefits of trade are largest when marginal-cost curves slope downward and the labor supply curve is elastic.  相似文献   

14.
《Research in Economics》2006,60(2):97-111
The perspective of modern macroeconomic theory, be it new classical or old and new Keynesian, is that unemployment can be reduced only if real wages are cut. The modern Keynesians, basing themselves upon the microfoundations of efficiency wage theory, argue that real wages cannot and will not be cut by firms for efficiency wage reasons. This generates involuntary unemployment based on a market coordination problem. A behavioral model that contrasts with efficiency wage theory is presented here which suggests that reducing real wages need not affect the marginal cost of labor and, therefore, the number of individuals employed. In the behavioral model, wherein there exists some linearity in the relationship between real wages and working conditions and labor productivity, a lower real wage rate is not a necessary condition for reducing the unemployment rate nor is a higher real wage an obstacle to reducing it. In this scenario, unemployment, to the extent that it is demand-side induced, is not related to movements in real wages. Therefore, restoring full employment after a negative demand shock becomes a matter for demand management, not demand management that must be coordinated with measures designed to reduce real wages.  相似文献   

15.
In the conventional income-expenditure model with rigid wages, the aggregate supply curve is upward sloping. Increases in demand therefore imply increases in real output and employment. We demonstrate here that this conclusion depends on the form of money illusion implied by the rigid wage assumption. If we assume instead that labor supply is more sensitive to price increases than to wage increases, the aggregate supply curve is negatively sloped, and the conventional policy multipliers are thereby reversed. In the second section, we show that this result also follows if labor supply depends on the expected real wage.  相似文献   

16.
We investigate the labor market effects of immigration in Denmark, Germany and the UK, three countries which are characterized by considerable differences in labor market institutions and welfare states. Institutions such as collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection and unemployment benefits affect the way in which wages respond to labor supply shocks, and, hence, the labor market effects of immigration. We employ a wage-setting approach which assumes that wages decline with the unemployment rate, albeit imperfectly. We find that the wage and employment effects of immigration depend on wage flexibility and the composition of the labor supply shock. In Germany immigration involves only moderate wage, but large unemployment effects, since immigrants are concentrated in labor market segments with low wage flexibility. The reverse is true for the UK and Denmark.  相似文献   

17.
When there are shortages of RNs, hospitals and health care organizations in competitive nurse labor markets respond by increasing wages: some hospitals will respond faster and some will offer higher wages than others. The wage increase brings about two important short and long-run outcomes that, together, will increase the supply of RNs in the labor market. Because wage controls prevent the flexibility of wages to adjust, they can cause a shortage to develop when the demand for RNs is increasing (as in the 1970s), and wage controls will lengthen the duration of a shortage once it has begun. The impacts of prolonged RN shortages are multifaceted and destructive to nurses, patients, and hospitals. Looking ahead over the next 15 years when the demand for RNs is expected to grow by roughly 3% per year and the supply of RNs by much less than that, a new nursing shortage is projected to develop and reach a deficit of 285,000 RNs by 2020. The worst thing that could happen to the nursing profession would be to impose wage controls on nurses as this would prevent the needed short and long-run labor supply responses from developing and thereby eliminate the shortage.  相似文献   

18.
The paper presents a method for separating the sample on wage rate and labor input for a labor market in disequilibrium prior to the estimation stage. It is shown how the method's economic rationale stems from the existence of Keynesian unemployment, which implies a combination of real wage and labor input off the notional labor demand and supply curves. The potential usefulness of the method for generating unbiased estimates of wage elasticities of labor demand and labor supply is demonstrated on annual U.S. data.  相似文献   

19.
This study uses Uruguay’s historical fluctuation in real wages to set up a natural experiment to measure the relation between women’s labor supply and wages. Using data from the Continuous Household Surveys of the Uruguayan National Statistics Institute, for 1986–2010, it aims to identify and explain heterogeneity in the labor supply behavior of women with different educational backgrounds. It finds that all women groups seek to optimize their remunerated work allocation throughout their life cycle, although women’s labor behaviors vary depending on educational levels. The rising trend of women’s labor force participation is expected to continue; its implications at the intensive margin are ambiguous and depend on how women conciliate paid work with household responsibilities – especially women with less education. These results could inform present debates about designing public policies to facilitate women’s entry into the labor market and cater to their different wage profiles and household care demands.  相似文献   

20.
Wage flexibility is usually defined as the responsiveness of wages to market disequilibrium. But market disequilibrium can be defined in different ways. One can accept a non-Walrasian definition of equilibrium, the market being in equilibrium when agents have no incentive to change their decisions, even if a change of wages can improve their position. To study the behavior of wages as an equilibrating variable, it is appropriate to consider Walrasian demand and supply functions, in which wages are allowed to move in each period in a direction to restore equilibrium between Walrasian demand and supply, even when agents experience restrictions and take notice of these restrictions when making decisions. The degree of wage flexibility is most often measured as the amount of equilibrating change that took place in a certain period. In most wage equations wage flexibility is measured by the coefficient of the unemployment variable, which links the equilibrating change in the wage variable to the degree of market disequilibrium. The equalization of market disequilibrium with unemployment poses some problems. The authors wish to thank Freddy Heylen of the University of Gent for helpful comments.  相似文献   

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