中国潜在经济增长率的估算及其政策含义:1979-2020

本文使用附加人力资本的增长核算模型对1979-2014年中国经济增长率进行了核算,并在此基础上估算了1979-2020年潜在经济增长率。计算结果显示2012-2014年间中国潜在经济增长率出现了放缓,但下降幅度有限,这表明当前经济增长的放缓主要是周期性放缓。但是,由于中国面临潜在通货膨胀风险,因此只能谨慎使用货币政策来应对当前的经济下行风险。本文预测结果表明2015-2020年间中国潜在经济增长率将进一步下滑至6.3%的低位。由于中长期内现实增长率与潜在增长率会保持一致,所以宽松货币政策难以阻止经济增长率的下滑,故不应持续使用。     

制度质量、资本积累与长期经济增长

笔者在Aghion等(1999)包含资本的多部门模型基础上扩展内生增长模型,尝试将制度、内生人力资本和技术创新纳入统一分析框架,检验制度质量、资本积累和技术创新在长期经济增长中的作用。结果显示,长期经济增长既取决于制度质量和技术创新,也取决于资本积累和家庭偏好。正增长率的长期稳态均衡只有当制度质量达到一定水平才可能出现,且当均衡存在时,制度质量的改进会通过提高人力资本积累效率和垂直创新活动的期望收益而提高长期经济增长率。此外,政府的税收和补贴政策也能够影响长期经济增长。本文旨在为我国重启改革提供理论支撑和政策建议。     

结构性减速下的中国经济增长方式转变

在全球经济面临大调整的背景下,中国经济增长已经进入持续减速的中长周期。经济减速虽有周期性因素,但根本原因是由于经济结构问题导致潜在增长率下降。从供给视角看,原先依靠廉价劳动力和政府投资拉动经济增长的模式不可持续,拉动经济增长的新引擎必然是创新;从需求角度看,拉动经济增长的"三驾马车"日渐疲软,亟待制度创新与技术创新。因此,只有从根本上转变中国经济粗放的增长方式,才能使经济得以健康、稳定、持续地发展。     

“十三五”时期我国潜在经济增长率的测算与增长目标的设定分析

2012年以来,随着国内外环境的改变,我国经济增长动力和结构正在发生变化.中国的人口结构变化、资本积累速度的下降和创新不足将从供给面角度对经济增长形成硬约束,需求面的变化则对经济增长形成软约束.由于供给和需求面的双重约束,我国的经济增长率和潜在经济增长率都会下一个台阶,由高速增长期进入中高速增长期.研究表明,近年来我国的潜在增长率呈下降态势,尤其是2011年以来我国潜在增长率明显下降,2012年我国潜在增长率为7.91％,“十三五”期间我国潜在经济增长率有望维持在7.0％左右,建议将2014-2015年经济增长目标设定为7％-7.5％左右,“十三五”时期将GDP增长目标设定为6.5％左右.     

中国经济增长的特征、可持续性与潜在增长率估算:一个综述

在本文通过对中国经济增长的表现特征、可持续性和潜在增长率估算三方面的理论综述,进一步论述了中国经济增长的发展脉络,并在此基础上提出研究中国经济增长理论尚需改进的空间.     

技术创新如何提升我国共同富裕水平

技术创新是影响中国长期经济增长的关键性因素,是推动我国在高质量发展中实现共同富裕的重要动力,深入探讨驱动经济增长的技术创新对共同富裕的影响具有重要意义。本文采用2010—2020年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)连续六期的面板数据探究技术创新影响共同富裕水平的具体路径。研究发现,技术创新持续提升人们物质文明、精神文明与生态文明发展水平的同时,显著降低了社会成员之间物质文明、精神文明与生态文明发展的离散性,推动我国社会向共同富裕目标不断趋近。中国特有的经济增长模式强化了政府对创新的引领作用,放大了技术创新对中等收入群体扩张的正向效应,技术创新通过提升中等收入群体的规模,进而提升了我国的共同富裕水平。公共创新和私营创新对中等收入群体的影响具有明显的异质性,公共创新通过创新系统设计和基础研究创新对中等收入群体规模增长产生更强的正向促进效应。本文探寻技术创新提升共同富裕水平的作用机制,为共同富裕目标的尽早实现提供了有益参考。     

企业技术创新路径探寻

目前经济学对企业技术创新能力的研究主要集中在对不同规模企业研发资金投入能力的考察方面。而对于转型经济中资金相对缺乏的企业,应该如何探寻一条新的技术创新路径则少有涉及。本文结合熊彼特的技术创新思想和国内外企业大量成功创新的案例,提出一个可以解释中国技术创新路径的理论模型。本文认为,在转型经济中,技术创新发端于企业技术层对创新可能性的发现和策动,并通过企业管理层的激励和寻找行为,以及政府的作用逐步将技术创新活动内生于经济增长中。     

全要素生产率对中国地区经济增长与波动的影响

本文在重新估算1978～2011年中国30个省区市资本、劳动与实际产出数据的基础上,采用了非参数的Malmquist生产率指数法测算了各省区市各年度全要素生产率水平、各年度资本与劳动要素份额等变量及其变化情况,并测算了改革开放以来中国经济各阶段TFP增长及其子项目对实际经济增长的贡献、TFP增长率与潜在增长率及经济波动的相关性。研究发现,1979～2011年期间,对全要素生产率增长起主要作用的是技术进步。而技术效率的恶化对全要素生产率增长起着抑制作用,技术进步是各地区全要素生产率增长的主要支撑力量,中、西部相对东部地区的技术效率相对东部地区的持续恶化,是导致中、西部与东部的全要素生产率增长差距扩大的主要原因。随着资本对中国经济增长贡献的增大,许多地区的TFP增长率甚至绝对水平下降,特别是纯技术效率恶化,经济增长日益依靠不断扩大的资本投入。TFP增长的波动与GDP的波动高度相关。而TFP增长的长期趋势与资本增长率的长期趋互补,分别与GDP的长期趋势即潜在增长率保持一定程度的相关性。由于2008年以来,许多省份的潜在增长率开始下降,资本对经济增长的推动作用逐渐减弱,只有不断通过制度改革、技术研发等方式提升技术水平。优化资源配置,不断提升TFP增长水平,才能保持经济的长期持续增长。     

以产业结构为中介的创新影响中国经济增长的机理*

本文基于熊彼特创新思想，借鉴Aghion创新模型分析方法，揭示创新通过产业结构调整影响经济增长的内在机理，并运用中国1998—2015年间的省际面板数据，采用3SLS法和联立方程模型对创新、产业结构调整与中国经济增长的关系进行经验检验。研究结果表明：（1）创新通过产业结构调整“中介作用”影响经济增长的机制是存在的；（2）中部、西部地区经济增长对创新的影响强度较大，东部地区所处的创新阶段更加领先，进一步突破前沿技术，容易遭遇瓶颈；（3）理论和实证的政策性意义在于中国长期经济增长需要进一步突出创新的主体地位，加大对产业内部技术创新的投入，促进技术创新对产业结构高级化作用的有效发挥。     

TFP增长对中国城市经济增长与波动的影响——基于264个地级及地级以上城市数据

本文利用1990～2011年中国264个地级及地级以上城市投入产出数据,分析了全要素生产率（TFP）增长及相关要素对经济增长的贡献,并分区域分析全要素生产率及要素增长及波动对经济增长的影响,得出如下结论并提出政策建议：（1）264个地级及地级以上城市1990～2011年全要素生产率增长近些年呈下降趋势,需要采取措施提高全要素生产率水平,提高全要素生产率增长对经济增长的贡献率。（2）尤其要提高东部TFP增长水平。东部地区GDP增长率和TFP增长高度正相关（尤其是第三阶段）,说明东部地区提高TFP增长对GDP潜在增长率有促进作用。（3）提高中、西部固定资本存量水平。中、西部地区GDP增长率-9固定资本存量的增长率有正相关性．说明中、西部地区仍然可以通过提高固定资本存量的方式提高GDP潜在增长率。（4）提高劳动增长率。全国GDP增长率趋势值与劳动增长率趋势值高度正相关,提高劳动增长率也可以提高潜在增长率。     

Emil Lederer and Joseph Schumpeter on Economic Growth,Technology and Business Cycles

This paper compares Joseph Schumpeter and Emil Lederer with respect to their visions concerning the notions of economic growth, technology and business cycles. Their theoretical investigations in a number of thematic areas seem to converge to similar views. More precisely, both Schumpeter and Lederer regard the capitalist economy as a dynamic system where the introduction of innovations is its distinctive characteristic. In such a system, static analysis based on the concept of equilibrium is useful as an expository device to describe the adjustment mechanisms of the economic system. They also paid attention to the emergence of large oligopolistic firms and considered this development as being interwoven with technological progress. Both economists used similar arguments to emphasize the link between economic development and technological change. In their analyses, Schumpeter and Lederer referred to psychological factors motivating the entrepreneur, in order to explain the forces that set in motion the process of innovation and thus economic development. The concept of technological unemployment is also described in a similar manner by both of them. Regarding the issue of business cycles, Schumpeter and Lederer considered them to be a result of endogenous processes within a capitalist economy. Lederer in his late works, argued in a way analogous to Schumpeter, that economic fluctuations are caused from the disruptions created by innovations, which are introduced discontinuously into the economic system. Conclusively, Schumpeter and Lederer delivered theses which are similar in scope and conclusions probably because they were developed in the same social, political, theoretical and ideological environment and were also well acquainted with each other’s ideas.     

中国经济规模报酬测算及影响因素分析

中国经济要保持长期持续增长必须要转变经济增长方式。经济增长方式由要素投入增加型转向效率提高型的经济学内涵在于报酬递增机制的形成。从这样一个视角出发,运用了35个工业行业2000-2008年数据对中国经济增长中的规模报酬情况进行了测算,并对中国报酬递增的影响因素进行了分析,发现现阶段分工与技术创新仍是最为核心的要素。中国经济增长方式要转向报酬递增驱动的机制,最为根本的在于分工与技术创新良性互动机制的形成。     

Emil Lederer and Joseph Schumpeter on Economic Growth,Technology and Business Cycles

This paper compares Joseph Schumpeter and Emil Lederer with respect to their visions concerning the notions of economic growth, technology and business cycles. Their theoretical investigations in a number of thematic areas seem to converge to similar views. More precisely, both Schumpeter and Lederer regard the capitalist economy as a dynamic system where the introduction of innovations is its distinctive characteristic. In such a system, static analysis based on the concept of equilibrium is useful as an expository device to describe the adjustment mechanisms of the economic system. They also paid attention to the emergence of large oligopolistic firms and considered this development as being interwoven with technological progress. Both economists used similar arguments to emphasize the link between economic development and technological change. In their analyses, Schumpeter and Lederer referred to psychological factors motivating the entrepreneur, in order to explain the forces that set in motion the process of innovation and thus economic development. The concept of technological unemployment is also described in a similar manner by both of them. Regarding the issue of business cycles, Schumpeter and Lederer considered them to be a result of endogenous processes within a capitalist economy. Lederer in his late works, argued in a way analogous to Schumpeter, that economic fluctuations are caused from the disruptions created by innovations, which are introduced discontinuously into the economic system. Conclusively, Schumpeter and Lederer delivered theses which are similar in scope and conclusions probably because they were developed in the same social, political, theoretical and ideological environment and were also well acquainted with each other’s ideas.     

人民币实际汇率与中国经济增长的关系研究——基于边限检验法的巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应检验

以Faria和Leon—Ledesma简化的巴拉萨-萨缪尔森模型为基础,运用Pesaran、Shin和Smith的边限检验法实证分析了1980—2007年期间人民币实际汇率与中国经济增长之间是否存在长期稳定关系。研究发现：改革开放以来,中国经济增长并没有伴随着人民币实际汇率的升值,巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应在中国不成立。产生这一结果的原因在于：对高估的汇率进行贬值是中国经济高速增长的前奏,非市场化的劳动力市场阻断了BS效应中价格传递机制的发生。但是,如果中国经济保持较高的增长率,人民币实际汇率在长期中将经历一个升值过程。     

The concept of maturity and the transformation of economic systems

In economics, ‘maturity’ essentially means that an economic system (or part of a system) is ripe to be transformed into something else or heading towards decline. In Josef Steindl's economic thinking the concept of maturity, by which he means a stage of development where the economy becomes unable to fully realize its output potential, occupies a central place. Whereas for Steindl the main causes of such maturity are endogenous, other economists such as Schumpeter, Sombart, Hilferding, Keynes, and Hansen consider stagnation to be caused primarily by exogenous factors. Various concepts and causes of maturity are compared. Contrary to expectations based on these concepts, economic development after the Great Depression has not been characterized by stagnation or transition to planned economy. Instead, the dynamics of innovation were strong enough to prevent the economy from becoming ‘mature’. It appears that the actual course of events can be better explained within Steindl's concept of maturity.     

基于景气状态的中国科技创新驱动经济增长预警方法研究

利用中国科技创新景气指数和宏观经济景气指数合成中国科技创新驱动经济增长指数，将该指数划分为5个景气状态预警区间，运用先行合成指数预测模型、判别分析、预警信号灯系统等多种方法对中国科技创新；经济增长预警问题进行研究，规范了区域科技创新驱动经济增长预警研究方法体系。     

外部经济环境与中国出口关系的实证研究——基于面板数据的协整与误差修正模型的检验

我国逐步融入到了经济全球化的进程,尤其是2001年加入世界贸易组织之后,由于我国享受其他世贸组织成员开放或扩大货物、服务市场准入的利益,我国出口发展的步伐更是进一步加快.我国出口增长非常迅速,但我国的出口增长并不稳定.外部经济环境的变化会影响外部需求,外部需求的变化进而会影响我国出口贸易的发展.2008年美国爆发的金融危机导致全球经济萧条,恶化的外部经济环境对我国的出口产生了明显的冲击.本文采用1996-2007年的面板数据对外国经济发展与中国出口的关系进行了协整与误差修正模型的检验.结果表明,无论是在长期还是在短期,中国出口增长都能明显地改善外部经济环境,外部经济环境的改善也能明显地促进我国出口的增长,因此,外部经济环境的变化会影响我国出口稳定增长.     

Climate threshold,financial hoarding and economic growth

We use an iterative finite difference method to establish theoretical models that reflect the relationships among climate threshold, financial hoarding and economic growth. We build a simultaneous equations model to conduct an empirical analysis based on China’s statistical data from 1979 to 2012. Our study yields the following results: China’s climate threshold has shown a zigzag-shaped rising trend since 1979; the main reasons for the rapid expansion of financial hoarding were high savings rate, savings leakage, higher marginal efficiency of financial hoarding compared to capital efficiency or higher internal creativity of the financial sector; there were positive cumulative effects between financial hoarding and economic growth, which were significantly inhibited by climate threshold; the climate threshold had discrepant influences on different industries. To achieve a balanced economy, more money should be invested in the real sector to appropriately reduce the rate of savings leakage; the financial sector should move from scale expansion to service efficiency improvements to increase its marginal contribution to the economy and to enhance capital efficiency; the real sector should improve technological innovation and speed up the adaptive adjustment in climate-sensitive industries to move from economic growth to advanced development.