外来生物入侵预警机制的构建

外来生物入侵给世界各国的生态环境、社会经济等诸方面都带来了极大危害，成为引入关注的全球性问题。如何应对和解决该问题是一个值得思考的课题。本文循着预防优于治理的思路，分析了构建外来生物入侵预警机制的必要性，提出了构建外来生物入侵预警机制的原则，并在此基础上架构了该预警机制体系的内容。     

园林植物生长的生物环境调控

生物因子是园林植物生长发育一非常重要的生态因子。随着全球经济一体化,有害生物都是通过有意或无意的渠道而被引入世界各国,对许多国家的生态、环境、经济等方面造成了巨大的危害。据初步统计,目前中国遭280余种外来生物入侵,每年损失2 000亿元。借助一些人为措施来调控园林植物生长的生物环境为园林生产服务,是园林生产刻不容缓的重要课题。     

生物入侵的危害与新型农技推广服务工作的强化

随着国际、国内贸易的日益频繁,外来有害生物入侵所带来的巨大经济损失以及对生态系统稳定性和物种生存自然平衡所造成的破坏和威胁,成为21世纪最棘手的问题之一。农技推广服务是减轻生物入侵损失的重要环节,而要减轻或消除生物入侵危害,应从建立早期预警和风险评价机制、加强对异地引种的管理、完善法律法规、开展国际合作、培养公众生物安全意识等方面强化生物入侵管理。     

外来物种入侵对海洋生态系统的影响与法律对策研究

海洋是生物资源的宝库,同时也是最容易遭受外来物种入侵、定居、扩散和蔓延的区域。我国在防范外来生物入侵方面还存在一些薄弱环节,使得我国海域外来物种入侵现象日趋增多,带来的威胁也越来越严重。我国现有法律法规中对外来水生物种的管理仅有原则性规定,不足以形成有力防范屏障,因此需要从政策法规、管理、科技等方面对外来海洋生物入侵加以控制,同时提高公众对生物多样性保护的认识,从而切实保护海洋生物多样性、维护海洋生态环境平衡。     

我国外来生物入侵的原因及解决对策研究

近年来，外来生物的入侵对我国工农业生产和人们的饮食起居带来极大的负面影响，渔业水域中的外来生物也是与日俱多，有的已经形成面污染。本文从分析生物入侵的理论原因、水生生物入侵的原因着手，试探性地提出防止和解决生物入侵的对策与建议。     

生物入侵对森林生态服务功能经济损失评价研究分析与展望

外来入侵物种是森林生态系统健康最大的生物威胁，通过生物入侵对森林生态服务功能经济损失评价研究，可以提高林业工作者对外来入侵物种危害程度的认识，为制定生物入侵防治的政策和制度提供科学依据。目前国内外的相关研究，在基础理论、研究方法、技术路线、计算结果敏感度分析等方面均存在缺陷和不足，严重制约了这一研究的深入开展。而资源经济学、生态经济学、灾害经济学等学科的理论研究成果，生物入侵WEB数据库的大量涌现，粗糙集、杂合粗糙集数据挖掘方法的日益成熟，3S技术在生态服务功能评价中的广泛应用，为生物入侵对森林生态服务功能经济损失评价研究提供了新的理论、方法和技术手段。从这个角度出发，本文对未来的经济损失评价研究进行了展望，探讨了经济损失评价研究的重点和需要解决的几个关键问题。     

生物入侵威胁中国发展

目前入侵我国的外来生物有400多种，其中危害较大的有100余种。在世界自然保护联盟公布的全球100种最具威胁的外来物种中，我国就有50佘种。每年造成的经济损失至少有1000亿元人民币。[编者按]     

浅谈外来生物入侵

随着全球经济一体化步伐的加快，生物入侵的现象在我国日趋严重，入侵的速度越来越快。据国家检验检疫部门资料表明：2002年在全国口岸截获各类有害生物1310种，22448批次，分别比2001年增加了1．5倍和3．4倍。应充分引起有关部门和国民的重视，时刻提防外来生物入侵。     

生物入侵造成经济损失评估的研究进展

生物入侵是生物多样性减少的最重要的因素之一,同时还造成巨大的经济损失,包括直接经济损失和间接经济损失。外来入侵物种造成经济损失评估的研究有助于相关政策的制定以及社会对生物入侵问题的认识与关注。从应用角度考虑,目前国内外对生物入侵造成经济损失的评估分为两类:一类是影响评估,即生态系统服务价值丧失的评估;另一类是政策决策评估,即入侵物种防治的经济分析。文章对国内外生物入侵产生的经济影响、经济损失评估内容及方法、研究面临的主要问题及未来研究趋势进行综述和展望,以期为该领域更深入的研究建立理论参考基础。     

外来物种入侵,经济损失多重?

正外来生物的入侵,在严重干扰生态系统的同时,还给我国带来了年均超过570亿元的经济损失。农业部发布的最新消息称,我国入侵物种达到529种。其中大面积发生、危害严重的达100多种,对我国生物多样性以及农牧业生产等构成了巨大威胁。据介绍,从20世纪80年代以来,外来物种在我国呈现出更快的增长趋势,近10年新增入侵物种近50种,20余种危险性入侵物种接连在我国大面积爆发成灾。外来生物入侵范围也相当广泛,涉及农田、湿地、森林、河流、岛屿、城镇居民区等几乎所有生态系统。入夏以来,过度繁殖的水葫芦在全国多地爆发,伴随其中的是阻断航道、影响航运、造成水质污染,水葫芦会吸收水中的     

外来入侵物种的法律规制

外来物种入侵已经成为世界各国面临的严峻问题,外来入侵物种对生物多样性、社会经济以及人类健康造成了严重的危害,国际上对建立预防和控制外来入侵物种的法律制度取得了许多成功的经验。我们应当在借鉴这些经验的基础上,以人与自然和谐发展的环境观和可持续发展观为指导,通过完善环境风险评估、行政许可、名录、检验检疫以及法律责任追究制度来加强外来入侵物种的法律规制。     

防治外来生物入侵的法律对策思考

外来入侵物种是指从自然分布区通过有意或无意的人为活动而被引入,在当地的自然或半自然生态系统中形成了自我再生能力、给当地的生态系统或景观造成明显的影响的物种。外来入侵物种在当地定植、①扩展并产生一定影响的过程称为生物入侵。它们对入侵地的生态安全、经济发展以及人类健康造成了巨大的生态灾难和经济损失,因此,引起了人们广泛的关注。然而,由于缺乏对入侵生物的综合性认识,对于控制入侵生物措施的研究也才刚刚起步,还没有系统的控制外来入侵生物的有关程序与法规。为了保护中国的生物多样性,维护生态安全,亟须加快中国在这一领域的立法步伐。     

论生物安全法之宽容原则

宽容的法律化不是一个简单的移植过程,而是在法律的层面上如何赋予宽容的法律含义,并且能够行之有效地指导立法和法律实践的借鉴和修正的过程。以传统主客体语境为特征的法理学,始终将自然、生态置放于权利客体的法律地位,从而难以在人类与自然以及生态安全保护方面取得突破性的进步与拓展。宽容原则在生物安全法中的确立,旨在彰显生物安全立法的安全价值,强调在尊重现代生物技术价值正当性的同时,将生物安全风险程度降到最低,在保障人类基本权益的同时,强调对自然资源、生态系统安全的尊重和保护,突出宽容原则在生物安全法中的人性化表达和生态化变迁,在合理的限度内确立生物安全法律规范体系。     

试论新疆反恐刑事政策的法治化

近年来,我国积极参与国际刑事法治的交流与合作,并注重对国际上"轻轻重重"两极化刑事政策的借鉴与吸收。宽严相济刑事政策的提出,就是对两极化刑事政策的理性回应。新疆反恐刑事政策的法治化顺应这种趋势,既是新疆反恐的现实需要,又有相应的法理基础和法律依据。在刑事立法、刑事司法中明确体现宽严相济刑事政策和罪刑相适应原则,整合本土资源控制新疆恐怖主义犯罪,是新疆反恐刑事法治化的正确选择。     

Cost-benefit analysis of alien vegetation clearing for water yield and tourism in a mountain catchment in the Western Cape of South Africa

Economic analysis is used to assess the costs and benefits of restoration following clearing of invasive alien trees in the floristically rich Fynbos mountainous area near Franschhoek, Western Cape of South Africa. The Groot Drakenstein, Franschhoek and Jonkershoek mountains receives more rainfall than the surrounding areas and is an important source of water for the city of Cape Town. The costs of alien invasive plant removal, gully-erosion repair and reseeding with indigenous plants are considered in a case-study cost-benefit analysis of restoration, in terms of the water and tourism benefits derived. Three different options of restoration (comprehensive, moderate, basic) were analysed under three different economic scenarios (optimistic, realistic, pessimistic) and the costs of which have been weighted up against the income derived from the supply of water and tourism. The results have shown that despite the high costs of restoration, the basic restoration option costs were out-weighed by the water and tourism benefits derived. This was also true of the moderate restoration option, when evaluated under the optimistic scenario and using an 8% discount rate, or a 3% discount rate under any scenario. However, this was not the case in the moderate restoration option when using an 8% discount rate in conjunction with the realistic and pessimistic scenarios. Neither was it the case when using a 12% discount rate, irrespective of the scenario. Under no scenario was the cost of a comprehensive restoration option outweighed by the benefits quantified, irrespective of the discount rate used. It was concluded that further restoration, in addition to the mere clearing of alien invasive plants, would be economically viable under certain assumptions and conditions.     

Tradeable risk permits to prevent future introductions of invasive alien species into the Great Lakes

Commercial shipping has been implicated in over 60% of new introductions of invasive alien species (IAS) in the Great Lakes since 1960, with ballast water being the primary pathway. Recent policies have shifted the focus from postinvasion controls to prevention, with the regulation of oceanic ballast exchange as the primary approach. But this approach is not very effective, and it is often unsafe. We investigate whether an IAS tradeable permit program could provide an efficient alternative, keeping in mind that: (1) not every vessel will actually emit a species, yet ex ante each vessel is a potential emitter; (2) biological emissions are highly stochastic and essentially unobservable given current monitoring technologies. Theoretical issues in the design of a trading program are considered. We then compare the cost-effectiveness of trading versus command and control to reduce the likelihood of invasion by three classes of Ponto–Caspian species that are considered potential invaders capable of causing economic damage in the Great Lakes.     

Mitigation and adaptation strategies for the control of biological invasions

Biological invasions are recognised to be a problem of growing severity. Human pathogens, weeds or pests in terrestrial systems and dominant alien species in freshwater or marine aquatic systems all impose significant costs in terms of forgone output or costs of control in every major system. Like many of the other environmental consequences of globalisation, biological invasions require that decisions be taken under uncertainty. Decision-makers in such circumstances have to choose between two main strategies: mitigation and adaptation. This paper characterises invasive species problems in terms of the properties of the stochastic processes they induce. It considers how mitigation and adaptation strategies may be modelled, and identifies the conditions in which each approach may be efficient and effective.     

How trade politics affect invasive species control

Trade has become the main mode of transport for many invasive species, including diseases and agricultural pests. Most species are brought to their new homes unintentionally, which constitutes a market failure rooted in international trade. Unless it is practical to drive invasion risk to zero, the external costs may justify a tariff. In this paper, we analyze the political process likely to govern the formation of tariffs so justified using a straightforward incorporation of an invasive species externality into Grossman and Helpman's (GH) well-known political economy model. We show that our measure of disguised protectionism—the gap between the optimal tariff and that set in the equilibrium of the political economy game—is equal to the tariff that would be set if there were no invasive species and no international disciplines on trade policy. The informational needs required to distinguish disguised protectionism from legitimate public-goods protection are formidable.     

Disguised Protectionism, Global Trade Rules and Alien Invasive Species

Current international law strongly favors policies designed to make imports safer (e.g., in terms of invasive species) over policies explicitly designed to discourage imports. We show that this preference may be counterproductive. A externality in trade is incorporated into a political-economy model of policy formation. Nations can address the externality by inspecting cargo and imposing a fine on contaminated imports. We compare the equilibrium when inspection is the only policy option relative to the equilibrium that emerging when nations may also manipulate the tariff. Ruling out the tariff causes socially excessive stringency in general, social welfare losses if domestic supply is highly inelastic, and in some circumstances an increase in the real tariff, measured as the difference between world and domestic prices.     

International law as a moral theory of state territory?

Current states face challenges from other states and secessionist movements, and no moral theory exists to evaluate these conflicting claims. One step towards a theory is to evaluate international law on territory, specifically as articulated through decolonisation. I argue that international law does not provide a plausible moral theory of territory because the principles of territorial integrity and uti possidetis cannot coherently coexist with the principle of self‐determination. I suggest that philosophers must choose between viewing territory as an expression of national self or as a property right, or else develop a third view from sources beyond current international law.