中国农村小额信贷公司发展中的问题和对策研究

作为中国农村金融机构的重要组成部分,农村小额信贷公司在新农村建设过程中发挥了积极而深远的影响。其成立发展主要是帮扶金融弱势群体达到扶贫的目标。在新农村建设的关键历史时期,推动中国小额贷款公司的发展,必须走可持续性的发展模式。这不仅要求从观念上重视小额贷款公司可持续性发展,而且要求在运作机制上能够实现小额贷款公司的可持续,从小额贷款公司的风险、成本两方面进行合理的管理能够促使整个机构的可持续性,达到小额贷款公司的可持续发展目标。从目前情况看,国内的农村小额信贷公司还处在较低的水平,存在诸如资金供给能力不足、农村小额信贷公司财务自立能力较弱、过度行政干预加大经营风险、支农措施与农户需求有差距等问题。今后应着手完善小额信贷资金供给机制,利用市场定价机制实现持续经营,创造稳定的政策和加快小额信贷模式创新等措施,不断完善中国的农村小额信贷公司。     

小额信贷的目标偏移:来自国际数据的经验研究

利用MIX面板数据,采用固定效应二阶段最小二乘估计法验证了影响小额信贷机构目标偏移的有关命题。经验分析表明,交易成本、规模效应、累进贷款以及贷款模式对小额信贷机构的目标偏移具有预期影响。提出采取激励性财税政策、适度扩大规模、利用团体贷款或者村银行贷款技术等措施,以期望解决小额信贷机构的目标偏移问题。     

国际小额信贷发展趋势及面临问题对我国的借鉴

长期以来,我国NGO小额信贷机构与国际小额信贷组织一直保持着互动与合作,国际小额信贷实践对于我国有重要借鉴意义。国际小额信贷机构在进入了制度主义发展模式后出现了一些具有普遍性的问题,如目标客户偏移、贷款利率过高等等。文章通过对比总结国内外小额信贷机构的发展以及实践中存在的突出问题,得出我国NGO小额信贷机构在运作机制上必须向制度主义转型;除此之外,我国小额信贷机构的持续经营还需要建立完善的外部支持体系,对此政府和小额信贷行业组织发挥着重要作用。     

国外商业化小额贷款模式比较及启示

小额贷款业务在中国开展已有二十余年的历史,自开展以来为农村中低收入人群脱贫致富发挥了重要作用,已经成为农村金融市场的新兴力量。国外的发展实践呈现出由福利型小额贷款向商业化小额贷款转化的趋势。印尼的小额信贷部、孟加拉的乡村银行以及玻利维亚的阳光银行等都是国际上较为成功的商业化发展模式,通过比较分析为发展中国小额信贷提供了宝贵经验。     

积极促进农村小额贷款公司的发展

近年来央行在山西等省份进行农村小额信贷试点,小额贷款公司是小额信贷的一种有效模式,文章对小额贷款公司面临的困难和问题进行了分析,对如何促进小额贷款公司的发展,提出了建议。     

小额贷款公司经营与管理中存在的问题和建议

自2005年开始,人民银行先后在山西、四川等省（区）开展由民营资本经营“只贷不存”的商业化小额信贷试点,部分地区设立小额贷款公司,开展小额贷款业务。随后,在2008年5月,中国人民银行与银监会联合发布《关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》后,小额贷款公司在各地迅速涌现,呈现快速发展态势。小额贷款公司的出现,有力地促进了当地“三农”建设和中小企业的发展,为完善农村金融市场发挥了积极作用。但因目前对小额贷款公司监管缺失,相关服务不到位．以及其自身经营中存在的一些问题,影响了小额贷款公司的健康发展。以下是笔者对小额贷款公司经营与管理中存在的问题进行的调查：     

大型银行小额信贷业务的对策研究——以内蒙古为例

随着中国小额贷款机构发展迅速,除专业的小额信贷公司外,一些商业银行业也开始重视小额信贷业务.在此背景下,本文对内蒙古地区大型银行近年来开展小额信贷业务的状况、存在的问题进行了阐述与分析,进而提出了加强小额信贷业务的对策建议.     

国际小额信贷机构可持续发展研究综述

在过去的十几年,小额信贷在全球迅速发展,小额信贷作为一项新的扶贫工具,被越来越多的国家和地区采纳。如今越来越多的学者开始关注国际小额信贷机构可持续发展现状,试图研究小额信贷机构覆盖面和财务可持续两目标的权衡问题。国际小额信贷机构可持续发展的研究主要分为微观和宏观两大层面,研究小额信贷机构双重目标间的关系,可持续发展的影响因素,如何使小额信贷机构均衡发展,以及监管对小额信贷机构的影响。     

关于农村信用社小额信贷管理如何双赢的研究

随着中国农村经济的快速发展,中国农村的金融需求也在快速增加,在这一过程中,农村信用社的小额贷款业务获得了较大的发展空间。小额信贷作为一种扶贫和促进金融发展的新型金融方式,它推动了农村信贷市场发展,改善了中低收入者收入,已被世界上越来越多的国家认可。小额信贷机构作为一种金融组织创新,也有效地促进了经济发展的政策性目标和金融机构商业化经营原则的有机结合。     

探索小额贷款公司"零负债"问题的解决途径——财务杠杆率的视角

近年来,我国小额信贷蓬勃发展,一定程度上缓解了中小企业的融资问题。但是由于小额贷款公司只贷不存的性质,以及其抗风险能力较弱的现状,如何提高小额贷款公司的抗风险的能力具有极其重要的意义。本次课题研究主要从财务杠杆的视角进行了探索,对个别试点公司进行实地调查,通过引入统计学模型,对小额信贷公司的利润、风险的指标进行量化研究,特别是运用3σ和6σ原则对小额贷款公司的财务杠杆提出了动态的审慎建议,来探讨如何更好地促进我国小额信贷公司的发展。     

Is the model “loans‐plus‐savings” better for microfinance in Eastern Europe and Central Asia? A propensity score matching comparison

Microfinance institutions are gradually evolving into multiservice organizations offering not only loans but also savings, and other financial and nonfinancial services. We contribute to the literature aimed at identifying how combining credit with savings affects outreach and sustainability in microfinance institutions (MFIs). We apply the propensity score matching method as well as its augmented dose–response version to compare the performance of loans‐plus‐savings MFIs with that of lending‐only in a sample of 710 observations from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Owing to our unique capital structure data, we control for the use of subsidized capital, which related work ignores while existing evidence points to tradeoffs between subsidies and savings. We find that financial performance and breadth of outreach are positively associated with savings mobilization, while the evidence on depth of outreach points to a possible mission drift.     

微型金融机构双重目标的冲突与治理:研究进展述评

微型金融机构要同时实现财务可持续(财务目标)与减缓贫困(社会目标)两大目标,然而,这两个目标间的冲突问题却长期困扰着其发展。本文系统整理了国内外有关微型金融机构双重目标冲突与治理领域的理论与实证文献,研究发现对微型金融机构双重目标是否冲突在理论和实证研究中均存在争议。伴随着微型金融商业化,目标偏离已成为双重目标冲突的新表现,但通过实施社会绩效管理,微型金融机构可以有效地降低双重目标间的冲突。虽然我国农村金融机构双重目标冲突问题已经显现,但相关研究并不多。因此,我国未来的研究应该集中在界定农村金融机构双重目标含义、构建评估体系、制定报告标准、探索双重目标约束下的可持续发展机制等方面。     

Depth of outreach and financial sustainability of microfinance institutions

The primary justification for subsidizing Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) is their enhancement of social welfare by extending credit to the poor households. Therefore, recent emphasis on their financial self-sufficiency has created concern, that this may adversely affect the mission of social outreach. Utilizing data from 702 MFIs operating in 83 countries, this study shows empirical evidence of a positive complementary relationship between financial sustainability and depth of outreach.     

“麦克米伦缺口”与中小企业信用担保期限——一个非对称双边市场特性的视角

我国“麦克米伦缺口”的加剧,与担保双边市场所特有的使用外部性、非对称性密切相关。担保基金放大倍数小和代偿风险高造成了信用担保机构负的使用外部性。资金规模约束下的中小企业竞争性、银行主导型融资模式下担保风险的两级转移、建立现代社会的硬性信用约束与传统柔性信用约束转型滞后之问的矛盾冲突，共同加剧了双边市场中小企业的非对称性。为此．本文提出了目前担保机构建设的思路与对策。     

Pursuing efficiency while maintaining outreach: Bank privatization in Tanzania

Profitability improvements after the privatization of a large state-owned bank might come at the expense of reduced access to financial services for some groups, especially the rural poor. The privatization of Tanzania's National Bank of Commerce provides a unique episode for studying this issue. The bank was split into the “new” National Bank of Commerce, a commercial bank that assumed most of the original bank's assets and liabilities, and the National Microfinance Bank, which assumed most of the branch network and the mandate to foster access to financial services. The new National Bank of Commerce's profitability and portfolio quality improved although credit growth was slow, in line with the privatization experiences in other developing countries. Finding a buyer for the National Microfinance Bank proved very difficult, although after years under contract management by private banking consultants, Rabobank of the Netherlands emerged as a purchaser. Profitability has since improved and lending has slowly grown, while the share of non-performing loans remains low.     

Assessing the potential impact of Microfinance with agent-based modeling

Recent empirical results have cast doubt on the value of Microfinance as a tool for reducing poverty. But, the difficulty lies in evaluating the impact of Microfinance in a world where the Microfinance institutions, their borrowers, and government policies are constantly changing. There is a need for a comprehensive and transparent framework to develop the theoretical grounds for believing in (or against) the efficacy of Microfinance, which can at the same time be used as a testing ground for policymakers. This paper presents a first attempt to develop an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework for pre-policy-implementation testing of the effects of Microfinance. Under the ABM paradigm, a set of behaviors for individual agents in the economy is used to construct a simulation whereby random interaction allows agents to change their state over time. Simulation of the model in different scenarios supported all our intuitions about Microfinance; in particular, there was positive impact of Microfinance on the wealth level of the poor. It was found that increase of available funds, easy access for producers and lower interest rates increase the effectiveness of Microfinance.     

Pursuing efficiency: a data envelopment analysis of MFIs in Latin America

This article analyses the overall profitability efficiency (PE) of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Latin America. The PE of each MFI in the study is broken down into two components: pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. One data envelopment model is used to analyse each component. Each MFI was labelled as either a bank, cooperative and credit union, nonbanking financial institution or non-governmental organization, and then the analysis was performed on each separate group. The results suggest that, on average, banks are the most efficient MFIs; while NGOs are, on average, the least efficient MFIs. On average, all 4 groups are more pure technically efficient than scale efficient. Banks, nongovernmental organizations, nonbanking financial institutions, cooperatives and credit unions all seem to have problems with scale efficiency. Many MFIs seem to be operating on the increasing returns to scale frontier and are in a more favourable position for expansion.     

Mission drift in microfinance: are the concerns really worrying? Recent cross-country results

This paper explores the impact of profitability on depth of outreach in microfinance institutions, a trade-off between which is commonly known as ‘mission drift', using a unique panel database containing 4–6 years' observations from 409 MFIs in 71 countries. The concerns for ‘mission drift' seemed invalid, although several countervailing results also emerged when scaling up indicators of size and age are included. The positive significant association between MFI-size and average loan amount suggests some extent of mission drift. Similar results were found when female borrowers' participation was the measure for outreach. However, the study largely fails to validate that the concerns for mission drift were true if it is defined as a distinctive trade-off between increased profit-motivation and depth of outreach of MFIs.     

中国货币政策的区域效应研究——来自信用观点的解释

本文以货币政策的"信用观点"为理论前提,运用VAR模型对我国货币政策的区域效应进行了实证研究.分析结果表明,在我国直接融资还不发达、东、中、西部地区的银行体系特征还存在较大差异的现实背景下,中央银行统一的货币政策通过各地区的银行体系进行传导时,将通过影响各地区银行系统提供信贷的能力而影响各地区私人部门的信用可得性,从而导致各地区的经济发展水平体现出较大的差异,最终表现为货币政策的区域效应.为此中央银行必须实施差别化的货币政策和信贷政策以促进区域经济的协调发展.     

农村微型金融组织的制度缺陷与功能异化

微型金融组织同时兼有社会扶贫功能和金融服务功能特性,但中国的农村微型金融组织却出现了功能异化,与传统金融组织之间有同质化的趋势,其关键在于中国农村微型金融组织的目标定位与制度设计的不协调。监管部门出台的各种规定和政策为农村微型金融组织形成正式结构提供了一个合法的依据,进而为其行为提供了规则或规范,然制度设计中缺少专门的评价标准以及强有力的监管约束,农村微型金融组织无法用社会价值标准来确定组织中各要素的价值,更不能阻止其追逐利益而偏离初衷的行为。实践当中的决定、通知、意见等政策性文件实际上是对微型金融组织的临时、非制度化的规管,尚未上升到法律层面,难以减少组织的动荡和维持组织的稳定性。