节俭式创新的动因、特征与策略研究

随着新兴市场的崛起与全球可持续性问题的凸显,节俭式创新已成为跨国公司与新兴市场本土企业积极探索与采纳的创新形态。对该领域进行初步的理论探究,首先分析了节俭式创新兴起的市场、环境与技术3种驱动力量,进而从思维、资源、形式、领域与结果5个方面描述了其基本特征,最后归纳出4种相互联系的节俭式创新策略,既是对现有创新研究的丰富与拓展,也可为企业创新实践提供参考与借鉴。     

低碳经济下新兴市场国家节俭式创新实践及其政策意蕴

节俭式创新模式为企业如何在低碳经济下走出创新者窘境提供了一种新的解决思路,性价比更高是实现节俭式创新的关键所在。节俭式创新起源于适用技术、节俭工程以及甘地式创新等理论,其核心是减少产品复杂性、去除非实质性特征并降低生产成本,创造出更具包容性的质优价廉的产品和服务,具有节俭性、灵活性、包容性和民主性等特征,包含六大“指导法则”：在逆境中发现机遇、少花钱多办事、思考和行动反应灵活、产品简单实用、吸纳边缘群体和相信直觉。新兴市场国家的节俭式创新实践,为我国创新政策提供了有益的启示：以节俭式创新促进社会可持续发展、加强节俭式创新与新技术的融合、实现包容性创新增长路径。     

节俭式创新的兴起及其中国意蕴

节俭式创新是面对资源约束或消费者支付能力限制,用更少的资源为更多人做更多事的一种创新理念。节俭式创新在驱动力量、资源环境、创新过程、产品本身、市场面向与扩散方向、市场破坏性等方面具有明显区别于传统创新方式的特征。节俭式创新兴起的原因主要包括资源稀缺、支付能力限制、可持续发展要求以及信息技术的充分发展。在中国,应大力倡导节俭式创新理念,促进可持续与包容性发展。通过节俭式创新,改变企业成本管理思维,创造内生成本优势;发掘新的创新机会,占领更加广阔的市场空间;培育领先市场,打造全球先动优势。     

共享经济:节俭式创新实现的有效路径

研究了共享经济与节俭式创新之间的基因契合关系,研究发现:共享经济的产权二元属性所形成的使用权交易,可低成本高效化解创新资源约束;协同消费特性可降低交易价格,提升客户支付能力;网络化多边平台的第三方参与和自发秩序,可缓解创新的制度缺失;共享经济是助推节俭式创新实现的有效路径。     

设计思维与节俭式创新：一个链式中介模型

节俭式创新逐渐受到关注,但其实现路径鲜有研究.根据设计驱动创新理论、失败学习理论和资源拼凑理论,构建出设计思维影响企业节俭式创新的链式中介模型.基于调研数据,研究结果表明:设计思维不仅对企业节俭式创新具有显著的正向影响,而且还分别通过失败学习和资源拼凑的中介作用对企业节俭式创新产生积极作用;此外,失败学习和资源拼凑在设计思维和企业节俭式创新关系中发挥链式中介作用,即设计思维通过促进失败学习提升企业资源拼凑能力,进而推动企业节俭式创新.研究结果从设计思维视角探索企业节俭式创新的影响因素和诱发机制,为组织创新管理提供了一定的理论和实践指导.     

技术创新管理:来自亚洲企业的贡献

随着经济全球化的加速发展,商业环境动荡性不断增强,如何通过技术创新实现可持续增长成为企业面临的共同问题。通过案例分析,研究了亚洲中印两国企业技术创新管理新范式。研究发现,中国经济借助协同创新、反向式创新等发展模式正逐步向以知识与创新为基础的经济模式转型,印度企业的朴素式创新以及节俭式创新发展模式也为全球经济的可持续健康发展提供了新思路。     

企业技术与市场要素协同创新研究

企业技术与市场要素协同是技术创新成功的关键。采用单案例研究方法,选取大华技术公司为案例,探索民营高新技术企业技术要素与市场要素协同机制。结果发现,产品中心是该企业实践技术与市场要素协同创新的最主要部门,具有高度灵活性,技术要素与市场要素协同呈层次性和动态性特征。随后,提出技术要素与市场要素CFI协同层次金字塔模型及其动态演进过程,打开了企业技术与市场要素协同的“黑箱”,对完善企业技术创新体系、提升创新绩效具有借鉴意义。     

传统中药材企业的市场创新——基于惠森药业平台建设的案例研究

以惠森药业为案例研究对象,对其凭借平台建设实现市场创新进行案例研究,总结了传统产业企业实施平台战略的机理、流程和市场创新效果。研究发现:惠森药业的平台建设是按照"物理平台—虚拟平台"的路径进行的,分别实现了整合存量市场和开拓增量市场。指出:采取平台战略可优化企业的市场结构、交易成本,因此可作为传统产业企业进行市场创新的有效途径。     

论我国金融产品创新的制度约束

金融产品创新是金融衍生产品的引入，可以增加金融交易配置资源的迂回度，从而提高资源配置的效率。我国金融业在开放过程中能否具备后发优势，决定因素是金融机构的产品创新能力。但是，我国金融产品创新并不是一个纯粹的技术问题，市场规则、金融制度等方面的制度性因素压制了金融机构的产品创新能力，使得金融产品创新活动长期以来处于一种低效的“锁定”状态。创新我国金融产品的关键在于突破制度性的障碍。     

企业技术与市场要素协同创新研究——基于浙江大华技术股份有限公司的案例分析

企业技术与市场要素协同是技术创新成功的关键。采用单案例研究方法,选取大华技术公司为案例,探索民营高新技术企业技术要素与市场要素协同机制。结果发现,产品中心是该企业实践技术与市场要素协同创新的最主要部门,具有高度灵活性,技术要素与市场要素协同呈层次性和动态性特征。随后,提出技术要素与市场要素CFI协同层次金字塔模型及其动态演进过程,打开了企业技术与市场要素协同的"黑箱",对完善企业技术创新体系、提升创新绩效具有借鉴意义。     

基于收入、时间双重约束的旅游消费分析

旅游消费函数是收入和时间的函数。通过对旅游者收入与时间的关联分析,构建出时间和收入约束下的旅游消费模型．对工资率、休闲时间、旅游产品时间消耗对旅游消费的影响进行了数学分析,诠释了旅游消费中的一些难解现象,并总结了我国旅游消费中存在的问题。     

公平相容约束与集体行动

This paper extends the work of Zhu Xianchen and Li Yulian (2007) by introducing the fairness compatibility constraint. Our work strengthens the explanatory power of their model. Whether a collective action can be realized depends not only on the organizer and followers’ individual rationality constraints, but also on their fairness compatibility constraints. Collective actions that meet the organizer’s individual rationality constraint but do not meet his fairness compatibility constraints cannot be realized. Furthermore, free-riders play a destructive role, which should not be ignored. Translated and revised from Jingjixue Jikan 经济学 (季刊) (China Economic (Quarterly)), 2007, 6(2): 597–606     

Seigniorage and public good in an OLG model with cash-in-advance constraints

This paper is a contribution to the theory of the optimal monetary policy in overlapping generations models with a cash-in-advance constraint applying on old age consumption purchases. We are particularly interested in the study of seigniorage when the latter is used to finance public goods valued by consumers. Assuming that a public good enters the utility function and the existence of cash-in-advance constraints, we find a Laffer curve of seigniorage at steady-state. We also analyze the dynamic optimal monetary policy when the government maximizes an intertemporal social welfare function and can only resort to seigniorage to finance the purchases of the public good. We show that the optimal rate of money growth may be strictly higher than the one which maximizes steady-state seigniorage: the optimal amount of seigniorage may lie on the decreasing part of the Laffer curve of seigniorage. We finally suppose that the government can use lump-sum taxes in addition to seigniorage. Then, the Friedman rule prevails and public expenditures are only financed through lump-sum taxes.     

浅论人力资本的激励与约束机制

知识经济时代,人力资本在企业发展中发挥的作用日益显著。但由于人力资本产权特性及权利与义务的对等性,对其所有者的激励与约束成为人力资本管理的核心及新经济时代上市公司治理的重要内容。     

Income Distribution and the Demand Constraint

This paper argues thatthe interaction between inequality and the demand patterns forgoods is a potential source of persistent inequality. Incomedistribution, in the presence of non-homothetic preferences,affects the demand for goods and, due to differences in factorintensities across sectors, it alters the return to factors ofproduction and the initial distribution of income. Low inequalityleads to high demand for medium skilled intensive goods, providinga bridge over which low skill dynasties may transition to thehigh-skilled sector in the long run. Under high inequality however,the initial lack of demand for medium skilled labor breachesthis bridge from poverty to prosperity and inequality persists.     

Capital flows,real exchange rate,and growth constraints in Mexico

Besides its well‐known problem of slow economic growth, Mexico’s recent evolution features both a sharp rise in the import‐intensity of economic activity – which may have tightened an external constraint on growth – and a persistent real appreciation of the peso – which may have created a profitability constraint. Adopting the approach of gap models and growth diagnostics, the paper contrasts the relevance of the external and the profitability constraints in Mexico after trade liberalization in the mid‐1980s. Although the trade deficit was pro‐cyclical, the three recent episodes of GDP growth acceleration were not accompanied by pressures in the foreign exchange market. Moreover, error correction models show that investment was highly responsive to the real exchange rate but largely unresponsive to foreign capital flows. The evidence supports the conclusion that investment was deterred by the low profitability of an uncompetitive real exchange rate, rather than by the external constraint.     

中国居民消费与资产收益:基于收入群体的分析

The equity premium puzzle is found during the test of the Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM) with aggregate consumption data. Because of income disparity, many consumers lack financial assets to intertemporally allocate their consumptions under income constraints. Thus, it is likely to lead to a specification error by employing aggregate consumption data to test the CCAPM. This paper examines the impacts of the economically constrained (low-income) consumers and unconstrained (high-income) consumers on the CCAPM using urban consumption expenditures in China delineated by consumer income, and tests the income constraint hypothesis. The empirical results show that the CCAPM is not more consistent with the consumption pattern of the higher-income consumers. Including the income constraint into the analyses of the consumption and asset returns does not unravel the equity premium puzzle.      

Distorting taxes and interest on reserves

Few governments in developed economies currently pay interest on reserves. However, Goodfriend (2001) [Goodfriend, M., 2001. Interest on reserves and monetary policy, mimeo, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond] concludes that it is a useful tool to implement monetary policy. In a monetary growth model with a financial intermediary and a firm who needs to borrow to pay wages, it is shown that paying interest on reserves financed by a labor tax reduces welfare.     

融资约束、FDI流入对产业增长影响的实证分析——以浙江省为例

拓展了Rajan和Zingales模型,从理论上分析了融资约束和FDI流入对产业增长的影响,并利用2008—2012年浙江省制造业行业面板数据对之进行实证分析。结果显示:FDI通过发挥融资效应对产业增长产生抑制作用;FDI的融资效应对不同所有制企业的增长均具有一定的约束作用,对国有企业的影响效应主要通过产品市场路径传导,而对民营企业的影响效应则通过产品市场和金融市场两方面传导。最后,针对性地提出政策建议以促进产业增长。     

Liquidity constraint, increasing returns and endogenous fluctuations

In this paper we show that local indeterminacy, endogenous fluctuations, and periodic and quasi-periodic orbits may emerge in a one-sector infinite-horizon competitive economy where (1) at the end of each period agents must hold a share of their wealth in the form of money and (2) technology exhibits increasing returns to scale. In contrast to other contributions on this subject, we find that such phenomena occur when consumption is intertemporally substitutable and labour is supplied inelastically. The scope for indeterminacy depends basically on the fact that, in view of the financial constraint, total returns on investment represent a weighted average of capital marginal productivity and deflation, and the latter is positively related to the rate of growth of capital.