动态随机一般均衡模型应用研究综述

动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE)作为主流宏观数量分析工具,在国外已经得到了较为广泛的应用,而国内应用该模型的研究还较少。本文回顾了运用DSGE模型进行研究的经济学文献,系统梳理了构建DSGE模型的理论基础、模型估计方法以及应用DSGE模型的研究主题等问题。     

开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型发展综述

开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型(简称为开放经济DSGE模型)是站在传统经济计量方法的“肩膀”上发展起来的,致力于将理论模型与实际经济进行合理拟合和对接.本文分析了开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型的特征,并从开放环境、金融加速器、劳动市场、金融摩擦和劳动摩擦这四个方面入手,对开放经济DSGE模型从构建之初到现今的发展进程进行了详细阐述.     

放松信贷约束的NOEM框架下参数校准与冲击响应

笔者发展了一个动态随机一般均衡方法在新开放经济宏观经济学框架下的新凯恩斯粘性价格和粘性工资小国模型.本文的理论模型继承了带有习惯的封闭经济DSGE模型,将其用NOEM的框架扩展到小国开放经济中,并尝试在家庭预算约束下加入信贷变量,进而放松其约束,辅以具有中国特色的货币政策方程,考察冲击带来的模型反馈.文中重点是细致地分析理论模型之后加入货币政策冲击,来讨论中国各参数的设定和通过脉冲响应方程来评价模型的特点.     

动态随机一般均衡理论的新进展

动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE)能够为宏观经济分析提供微观基础条件,采用一般均衡方法将理性预期纳入基础方程之中,并以不完全竞争市场价格和工资粘性为假设前提。2008年全球金融危机后,DSGE模型暴露出一些问题:对微观主体人纯理性预期假设与实际情况不符;标准模型没有考虑金融因素;在处理外部冲击因素时存在不合理性。因此,DSGE模型应做以下几方面的改进:在模型假设前提方面将异质性假设纳入DSGE模型;纳入内生性金融因素;在方法上通过构建复合型模型来提高其预测能力。     

DSGE模型的估计:ML与GMM方法

随机动态一般均衡(DSGE)的分析框架在宏观经济学和金融经济学中被广泛地使用。对这种模型的估计一般使用极大似然法(ML)和广义矩法(GMM)。文章首先给出了用极大似然法和广义矩法对随机动态一般均衡模型进行估计的基本原理,然后通过两个例子说明了如何进行具体的应用。     

从财政及货币政策视角看中国的总供需

按照凯恩斯主义宏观经济学框架,构建了一个包含财政—货币政策的总供需（AS-AD）模型,该模型包括五个线性方程。以该模型为基础,结合中国1995—2007年共十三年的宏观经济季度数据,展开实证分析验证,并根据验证的结果得出最终结论。     

微观经济主体决策模型变化与宏观经济学的发展--一个分析宏观经济学发展的新视角

宏观经济学研究的是个体理性行为与集体理性行为的冲突及其解决的问题.作为一门学科,迄今为止,还没有一个内在统一、完整的框架可以对门类众多的宏观经济学派进行梳理和整合.那么,在风采纷呈的宏观经济学流派发展长河中,究竟有没有内在的线索可寻?在一定意义上,正是因为对于这一个问题缺乏深入而全面的回答,目前对于中国经济学发展路径难以形成共识.在本文,我们抛砖引玉的提出一个模型:经济主体决策模型的变化影响宏观经济学的发展走向.接着利用该模型粗线条地对宏观经济学的发展历史进行梳理,然后在此基础上提出中国经济学发展的一点拙见.     

国际宏观经济学的新方法:NOEM-DSGE模型

近十几年来,国际宏观经济学领域兴起了一种新的研究方法,即新开放经济宏观经济学-动态随机一般均衡模型(简称NOEM-DSGE模型)。该方法由于具有明确的微观基础,并引入了动态随机分析,在解释诸多经济问题时显示了其优越性。本文在梳理国际宏观经济学研究方法发展历程的基础上,介绍了NOEM-DSGE模型的基本结构,及其在国际宏观经济领域的具体应用,最后指出这一模型面临的挑战和未来发展方向。     

影响宏观经济学学习兴趣的因素分析

学习兴趣对宏观经济学学习具有重要意义。根据学生实际情况,以学生宏观经济学学习兴趣问卷调查数据为依据,运用SPSS20.0统计软件,得出影响宏观经济学学习兴趣的因素及影响程度。基于分析结果,提出了提高宏观经济学学习兴趣的相应对策和建议。     

混频数据、投资冲击与中国宏观经济波动

使用中国数据估计DSGE模型时,由于缺乏季度的支出法消费、投资数据,一般使用月度的社会消费品零售额、固定资产投资数据加总作为替代。本文利用这一数据对DSGE模型进行贝叶斯估计,发现参数估计结果会出现系统性偏差;而使用年度的支出法消费、投资数据进行估计,模型的样本外预测绩效总体更优。基于这一结果,将年度频率的支出法投资、消费数据与季度频率的GDP、货币、通胀数据相结合,同时又结合投资品价格的年度(1992—1997年)、半年度(1998—2002年)和季度(2003—2016年)数据,对模型重新估计并进行方差分解。结果表明:中国产出波动的最主要解释因素是与投资相关的冲击,其次为货币政策冲击、持久性技术冲击和外生需求冲击。     

The Macro Pedagogy Debate: Teaching DSGE to Undergraduates Symposium

Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models have become the workhorse of modern macroeconomics and the standard way to communicate ideas among applied macroeconomists. Undergraduate students, however, often remain unaware of their existence. The lack of specialized knowledge can hurt them if they decide to attend graduate school. Indeed, many first-year PhD students discover that the material they are currently learning differs significantly from what they mastered in college. But this can change. In this article, the author describes how to teach a full-fledged macroeconomics course where DSGE models take center stage. He discusses how to arrange such a course within a one-semester time frame, details the main components of instruction, and finishes with some thoughts based on his teaching experience at Macalester College.     

CONSISTENT VARIANCE OF THE LAPLACE‐TYPE ESTIMATORS: APPLICATION TO DSGE MODELS

The Laplace‐type estimator has become popular in applied macroeconomics, in particular for estimation of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. It is often obtained as the mean and variance of a parameter's quasi‐posterior distribution, which is defined using a classical estimation objective. We demonstrate that the objective must be properly scaled; otherwise, arbitrarily small confidence intervals can be obtained if calculated directly from the quasi‐posterior distribution. We estimate a standard DSGE model and find that scaling up the objective may be useful in estimation with problematic parameter identification. It this case, however, it is important to adjust the quasi‐posterior variance to obtain valid confidence intervals.     

Hayek, Keynes, and modern macroeconomics

The Great Recession seems to be creating a change in the trend of macroeconomic thinking. Prior to the financial crisis of 2008, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models dominated the macroeconomics literature without any apparent challengers on the horizon. Since then, however, we have seen an increasing interest in macroeconomic models that address the state of confidence (??animal spirits??), complexity, cognition, and radical uncertainty. Most of the renewed interest in animal spirits, complexity, cognition, and radical uncertainty has come from a more or less ??Keynesian?? perspective. We discuss the potential to emphasize these elements from a more ??Hayekian?? perspective and argue that Austrian approaches to macroeconomics along these lines are more likely to resonate with mainstream economists than in years past.     

Exchange rate movements and monetary policy in Brazil: Econometric and simulation evidence

The literature on monetary economy has aroused growing interest in macroeconomics. Due to computational advancements, models have become increasingly more complex and accurate, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the relationships between real economic variables and nominal variables. Therefore, using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, based on Gali and Monacelli (2005), we propose and estimate a model for the Brazilian economy by employing Bayesian methods so as to assess whether the Central Bank of Brazil takes exchange rate fluctuations into account in the conduct of monetary policy. The most striking result of the present study is that the Central Bank of Brazil does not directly change the interest rate path due to exchange rate movements. A simulation exercise is also used. Our conclusion is that the economy quickly accommodates shocks induced separately on the exchange rate, on the terms of trade, interest rate, and global inflation.     

The Conceptual Flaw in the Microeconomic Foundations of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models

First-generation dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models have been criticized for their lack of financial markets but, more perceptively, for their barter properties. This note explains why the second of these criticisms is fundamental. All DSGE models are built on frictionless, perfect barter, Walrasian microeconomic foundations. Introducing money and banks into such models converts them into a ‘friction’ contra the fundamental principle that monetary exchange is more efficient than barter. This insoluble difficulty with the microeconomic foundations of DSGE models arises because theorists ignore the Hahn problem that applies to all monetary models based on Walrasian general equilibrium (GE) microeconomic foundations. The Hahn problem reveals three things. First, a perfect barter GE solution always exists in any ‘monetary’ model erected on Walrasian GE microeconomic foundations. Second, inessential monetary features are easily attached to perfect barter microeconomic foundations but as easily removed, leaving the perfect barter solution intact. Third, attaching such inessential additions leads to logical error; the misuse of language that produces invalid conclusions. A second-generation DSGE model that is intended to increase understanding of financial crises is then examined to show that it suffers from the Hahn problem; it converts banking and financial markets into ‘frictions’, and words and economic concepts take on different meanings. That renders the new DSGE model impossible to interpret or use as a basis for advice on monetary policy.     

On the predictability of time-varying VAR and DSGE models

Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in DSGE modelling for predicting macroeconomic fluctuations and conducting quantitative policy analysis. Hybrid DSGE models have become popular for dealing with some of the DSGE misspecifications as they are able to solve the trade-off between theoretical coherence and empirical fit. However, these models are still linear and they do not consider time variation for parameters. The time-varying properties in VAR or DSGE models capture the inherent nonlinearities and the adaptive underlying structure of the economy in a robust manner. In this article, we present a state-space time-varying parameter VAR model. Moreover, we focus on the DSGE–VAR that combines a microfounded DSGE model with the flexibility of a VAR framework. All the aforementioned models as well simple DSGEs and Bayesian VARs are used in a comparative investigation of their out-of-sample predictive performance regarding the US economy. The results indicate that while in general the classical VAR and BVARs provide with good forecasting results, in many cases the TVP–VAR and the DSGE–VAR outperform the other models.     

对西方主流宏观经济学均衡假定的反思——从凯恩斯主义的投资恒等于储蓄说起

自从凯恩斯的《通论》出版以来,宏观经济学就逐渐成为一个比较系统而相对独立的学科,后人将凯恩斯的短期经济增长模型进一步长期化为外生和内生经济增长理论.纵观主流宏观经济学的理论构建,几乎都有一个共同的假设:市场能够自动实现均衡,但是,正是这个假设将西方主流宏观经济学引入了歧途.对于原凯恩斯主义、新古典综合派、新凯恩斯主义、哈罗德-多马的古典经济增长理论和索洛的新古典增长理论、新古典宏观经济学派而言,它都是一个难以回避的硬伤.     

Forecasting the Australian economy with DSGE and BVAR models

Reflecting the importance of commodities for the Australian economy, we construct a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of the Australian economy with a commodity sector. We assess whether its forecasts can be improved by using it as a prior for an empirical Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR). We find that the forecasts from the BVAR tend to be more accurate than those from the DSGE model. Nevertheless, for output growth these forecasts do not outperform benchmark models, such as a small open economy BVAR estimated using the standard priors for forecasting. A Bayesian factor augmented vector autoregression produces the most accurate near-term inflation forecasts.     

A DSGE model with housing in the cointegrated VAR framework

In order to empirically investigate the assumptions underlying a theoretical dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, the long-run and the short-run structure of the model may be imposed in the framework given by a cointegrated vector autoregression (CVAR) model. This allows testing restrictions pertaining to the model without filtering the data before estimating the model. A DSGE model which includes financial markets is tested in the CVAR framework, and restrictions from the theoretical model are mainly rejected. Comparing impulse response functions from the theoretical model and the restricted empirical model also show that the results from the theoretical model are not found in the data. This suggests that the theoretical model needs to be extended or modified before it can match the empirical observations.     

Labor search and matching in macroeconomics

The labor search and matching model plays a growing role in macroeconomic analysis. This paper provides a critical, selective survey of the literature. Four fundamental questions are explored: How are unemployment, job vacancies, and employment determined as equilibrium phenomena? What determines worker flows and transition rates from one labor market state to another? How are wages determined? What role do labor market dynamics play in explaining business cycles and growth? The survey describes the basic model, reviews its theoretical extensions, and discusses its empirical applications in macroeconomics.The model has been developed against the background of difficulties with the use of the neo-classical, frictionless model of the labor market in macroeconomics. Its success includes the modelling of labor market outcomes as equilibrium phenomena, the reasonable fit of the data, and—when inserted into business cycle models—improved performance of more general macroeconomic models. At the same time, there is evidence against the Nash solution used for wage setting and an active debate as to the ability of the model to account for some of the cyclical facts.