On scientific expedition tourism of desert region: a case of eastern Ulan Buh Inner Mongolia

Desert-based adventure tourism is a rapidly expanding tourism market segment after the late 20^th century around the world. Perhaps the most significant factor in the development of desert adventure tourism is the extent to which common tourists are really engaged in scientific expedition. Inner Mongolia has long been considered as the resources accumulation area of desert tourism. The investigation on the Ulan Bah Desert has discovered that the desert animals, the vegetation, the insects, the fungus, tire landfrom and the climate are impressive for both the researchers and the mass tourists. After the resources investigation a survey was carried out in 2007 to get the detailed information of the tourists＇ attitude toward the planning desert scientific product in the Ulan Buh Desert. Based on the resources and market analysis, this paper tries to make a planning of the desert scientific expedition tour of the Ulan Bah Desert. The planning includes the functional division, expedition route design, tour-explaining system, facility of safety guaranty and service planning, and the professional training base.     

A review of non-agricultural land-use in peri-urbanization area： research progress and perspectives

The peri-urbanization area as a kind of rural-urban interface is changing rapidly ,physical, economlc and social terms. The land use pattern in such area is shifting away from the assumptions of mainstream paradigms to new conceptual landscapes, which leads to a series of problems on economic development and social stabilization. There are many researches on non-agricultural land-use in peri-urbanization area. In this paper both international and domestic research literature is reviewed by dividing six parts. The first part introduces the conception of peri-ur-banization area and its driver factors. Then in the second and the third part, the paper expatiates on the progress in the non-agricultural land-use in peri-urban area on land-use problems in the research area, while the fifth part reviews the integrating ways of non-agricultrual land-use. Finally, recommendations for further study are draw with specific reference to the current and future position of non-agricultural land-use study in peri-urban area.     

Resource integration of regional economic development in northwest China

Northwestern area is the most arid and underdeveloped area in China. Lots of researches have been doneto find the approaches to alleviate poverty. But there are some problems, for example, how to invest, how to use capital,and why the utilization rate is ambiguous. Water, capital and human resources are analyzed in this paper to be comparedwith their Utilization rates. As a result, according to the dependences of economic growth on those resources, a newapproach has been selected to organize the integration ways among these resources for economic development innorthwestern China. The efficient ways to develop northwestern China are： firstly, use the wanting resources mosteffectively to make an efficient integration model of multiple resources. For example, enhance the utilization rate of waterto raise the value of other resources. Secondly, invest more in basic factors for economic development to upgrade thecompetitiveness in the western China. For example, invest more in primary education and sustainable development ofbasic natural resources in order to have more power for sustainable development.     

Socio economic impact of vegetable production in Senegal：a case study of Niayes area

Vegetable production plays a very important role not only as a source of foreign exchange for Senegal and an appreciation of the dietary needs of populations,but also in the context of the policy of diversification.Thus the aim of this analysis is to measure the important economic impact and vegetable industrial actors,find the limited factors of the horticulture development and the perspectives for improving the vegetable production in the area.Our results show that the National production of fruits and vegetables is estimated approximately at 370,000 tons and the Niayes zone constitutes 80%of the domestic production.Horticulture is a sector which creates employments in that area with important incomes earned by both producers and the various intermediaries（commercial process） .The volume of exports has reached 14,321.588 tons in（2002-2003） against 11,125.132 tons in（2001-2002） witnessing than an increase of 28.7%,but the one of imports is very important and represents an outflow of foreign currency estimated at about 3 billion per year.     

Tourism spatial reconstruction of Chengde City under the influence of Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing

Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing （HTCB） is one of the nine key regions of Chinese tourism industry in the period of the 11^th Five-Year Project. According to Tourist Marginal Utility Theory, Time-Distance Method is used to define HTCB in this paper. Chengde City, famous for its cultural tourism, is regard as one of the regions in Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing. And this geographical advantage, in the context of the boom of tourism in China, is featured by the changes of tourist product structure and development model. In this paper, the influence upon Chengde tourism spatial structure has been discussed from tourist market, location and transportation. Chengde tourism spatial structure has been rebuilt with particular references to the factors of tourism destination district, tourist area, nodes, routes, and origin markets. In this paper, Chengde will develop tourism industry with the central heritage area as the center and northern forest and pasture area and southern mountain and lake area as the two wings.     

The Research on the Interreact act Development of Agricultural Modernization and Internationalization in the Area of Eastern Shandong

With the Chinese reform and opening-up, especially when entering the 90s of the 20th century, the internationalization process of China＇s economy is accelerated constantly, and at the same time the modernization of China＇s agriculture is also accelerated constantly. It makes China＇s agriculture modernization under the background of internationalization. Therefore, the integration of China＇s agricultural modernization and internationalization becomes an inevitable choice in developing China＇s modem agriculture. This paper takes the practice of agricultural modernization and internationalization in the area of eastern Shandong province as a basis and uses Panel Data model to analyze the interact relationship between agricultural modernization and internationalization quantificationally with the data of the seven cities in the area of eastern Shandong. The result indicates that agricultural modernization and internationalization have the relationship of interact development.     

Study on agricultural structure and non-point source pollution： a case in Dapu Town of Yixing City

The water body of Taihu Lake has been eutrophicated because of area-source pollution. 83% of the total nitrogen and 84% of the total phosphorus of the pollutant that have washed into Taihu Lake originated from the fertilizer of crop land, rural animal husbandry and living sewage and rubbish in rural area. The goal of adjusting agricultural structure is to improve agricultural development, and to increase the peasants＇ income by planting non-grain crop, centralizing animal husbandry, and intensifying aquaculture, etc. It is necessary to research on the influences of agriculture industrial structure on area-source pollution. This paper studies a case of Dapu Town in Yixing City, which is a typical drainage place beside Taihu Lake. On the basis of the analysis on the status quo of area-source pollution and agriculture industrial structure in Dapu Town, the conflicts between them are discussed. Non-grain crop production with a great deal of fertilizer and developing aquaculture with a great deal of organic pollutant, which are directly discharged, make area-source pollution more serious and accelerate the eutrophication in Taihu Lake. This paper suggests taking corresponding technological measures and policies, which have been tested in Dapu Town and demonstrated in Taih, Lake area.     

Relationship between ethnic landscape and environment in the Nujiang River basin of Yunnan Province, China

Each nationality has formed unique ethnic culture in the long history. Ethnic culture is spatially reflected byethnic distribution. The distribution of nationalities is influenced by ethnic history, culture, society and religion, alsoaffected by regional physical setting. This paper analyzes the relationship between ethnic distribution pattern and naturalsetting with contrast analytical method. The digital elevation model （DEM） is established on basis of contour map on ascale of 1：250,000 in the Nujiang River basin, Yunnan Province by ArcGIS, a Geographic Information System （GIS）software. Based on DEM, the spatial analysis and statistical function of GIS, the landscape patterns of populationdistribution of the selected minorities is described, and 4 sub-regions are divided in the Nujiang River basin of YunnanProvince while the features and disparity of landscape pattern and its forming mechanism are discussed, along withhistorical and archaeological data. The conclusions are as follow： （1） The ethnic distribution is mosaic in the matrix ofother racial distribution, and have a distinct spatial correlation. （2） For the difference in cultivation between differentnationalities, certain nationality lived in the area suitable for production mode of its own and coincident with appropriategeographical setting. （3） The spatial distribution of settlement spots of the minorities is controlled by the convenience ofwater supply. The landscape pattern of ethnic distribution is closely relative to natural environment.     

烟台地区耕地资源态势及宏观驱动力研究

According to the statistics of cultivated land in Yantai area during the Reform and Opening-up over the past 20 years and with the detailed survey and changing data of land use during the recent live years, this paper reveals the basic characteristics of the resource utilization, the basic process of the changes, regional differences, and current direction of cultivated land In addition, this paper makes a preliminary research on the major driving factors and the influence mechanism for the changes in the cultivated land area. and reaches the following conclasions： （1） There was a trend of obvious fluctuant decrease in cultivated laud area during the past 20 years. The changes of cultivated land have undergone the process - slow decrease,steep decrease, slow decrease. And there were three peak periods of cultivated land loss around 1985. 1987-1996 and 1991-1993 respectively （2） The decreased cultivated land was mainly converted into land for industry and mining, residential area. and all kinds of traffic and orchards. The increase of cultivated land mainly came from exploitation and land and arrangement and reclamation of industry and mining land （3） The economic development. population growth and policy are the dominant macro-driving factors for the decrease of cultivated land area in Yantai. The obvious sudden changes during the change process of cultivated land acreage are relevant to the national macro.policies background The rapid decrease of cnltivated land area is synchronous with the overheated economic growth resulting from the direct investment in fixed assets. Spatial distribution of the decrease in cultivated land is congruous with the differences in speed and the scale of economic growth between the different regions of Yantai area. Furthermore. the decrease in cultivated land caused by population increase cannot be ignored.     

The Reasons of Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China and its Policy Suggestions

This paper points out that one of the main reasons for income gap between urban and rural areas in china is difference of human capital reserve on education which are decided by Chinese government＇s urban area privileged policy and the current education system. This paper also compares the different human capital reserve in two area, and analyzes the under-qualified human capital reserve in rural areas is resulted by these following reasons： The shortage of public spending in compulsory education for several decades has contributed to low school attendance and the great illiteracy beyond urban areas; the inefficient educational system has caused peasants to lose interest in education; No support for adult education has closed the doors for adults to earn money in non-agricultural industries. Vocational schools cannot attract the huge number of potential customers since their curricula and skills are out of date. As policy suggestions, governments should invest enough money in compulsory rural education, and creating a pragmatic rural education system is also vital.     

城市饮用水水源地生态补偿标准测算与资金分配研究——以广东省东江流域为例

生态补偿作为解决城市饮用水源地生态环境保护问题,协调保护方和受益方利益冲突的重要手段,已成为国内外学者研究的热点,其中补偿标准是决定生态补偿能否顺利实施的关键环节。选取珠江三角洲城市群重要饮用水水源地——广东省东江流域作为研究对象,在总结分析现有补偿标准的基础上,运用生态保护成本法和条件价值评估法,分别从流域水源地保护方和下游受益方的角度对东江流域生态补偿标准进行测算,并依据下游用水量对补偿金进行分摊。通过测算,广东省东江流域上游六县生态保护总成本为105.38亿元,其中直接成本5.40亿元,间接成本99.98亿元,引入水质修正系数和水量分摊系数后,下游四市应补偿上游六县的生态补偿额度为24.69亿元。下游四市生态补偿支付意愿总额为5.91亿元,应支付总补偿额度超出支付意愿总额18.79亿元。因此,在充分考虑流域上游生态保护成本和下游支付意愿、支付能力的前提下,利益相关双方通过谈判、协商在生态补偿标准问题上达成一致,对东江流域生态环境保护和生态补偿机制的建立有着重要的现实意义。     

改善西部地区投资环境的基本思路

当年东部地区从低收入阶段进入中等收入阶段所面临的经济环境与当前西部地区面临的经济环境具有明显的差别。西部地区虽然也有许多优势，但面临的挑战更为严峻，因此，实行西部大开发战略必须适应新情况，探索新思路。西部大开发战略能否真正取得成效，最关键的因素之一就是要有持续不断的投资。而要有持续不断的投资，就必须有良好的投资环境。更重要的是必须引导更多的商业性资金流向西部地区，在这方面，能否提高西部地区对投资资金的吸引力和消化力，就具有更重要的意义。在西部地区投资环境建设中，特别要注意正确认识和处理好以下几个问题；要正确认识资源优势在经济发展中的作用；正确认识和处理好西部地区的经济增长与生态治理或者生态保护之间的关系；正确解决好市场运作与政府功能怎样结合的问题；处理好基础设施建设与地区经济发展的关系；树立正确的对外开放思想。     

战略导向、创新能力禀赋与国际化研发强度__基于我国上市公司数据的分析

从影响我国企业研发国际化战略的内生性要素出发,分析了其当前战略中市场导向性和技术导向性与国际化研发强度之间的关系,并从资源角度探讨了企业创新能力禀赋的中介传导作用。在此基础上,以商务部境外投资企业目录中建有海外研发机构的254家上市公司为样本,应用泊松回归对理论分析进行了检验。结果表明:对于存在显著国际化研发战略意图的我国企业来说,其当前战略的市场导向性对国际化研发强度具有显著的抑制作用,而战略的技术导向性对国际化研发具有显著的激发作用;创新能力禀赋对国际化研发强度具有显著正向影响,并且在战略的技术导向性影响国际化研发过程中具有部分中介传导作用。因此,顺应经济高质量发展的时代需要,树立创新为本的战略导向,构建创新发展理念和创新文化传承,强化创新资源和能力的持续积累是我国企业推进国际化研发战略的重要手段。     

基于生境质量的绿洲城镇增长边界划定--以黑河中游地区为例

绿洲城镇是人类活动最集中、人地关系最敏感的区域,也是"三生空间"(生产、生活与生态空间)矛盾最严重的区域。划定城镇增长边界是控制城镇无序蔓延,引导城镇空间有序发展的一种技术手段和政策工具,是国家和地方空间治理体系的重要组成部分。以黑河中游地区绿洲城镇为研究对象,提出了一种基于生境质量的绿洲城镇增长边界的划定方法:首先,基于InVEST模型评估绿洲生境质量;其次,将绿洲生态适宜性评价结果嵌入SLEUTH模型,模拟城镇增长边界;最后,以土地利用总体规划下达的城镇用地面积为控制规模,并结合生境质量评估结果对模拟边界进行修正,最终划定城镇增长边界。结果表明:划定边界内总面积为104.67 km^2,剩余可建设用地面积为22.14 km^2,以低等级生境质量为主,占边界内新增城镇用地的66.98%。绿洲平原区和山前洪积扇区的城镇增长空间较小,剩余可建设用地比例分别为9.96%、24.57%;绿洲边缘区的城镇产业园区空间增长潜力较大,剩余可建设用地比例为52.53%。该划定方法能够有效解决城镇发展与生态环境之间的矛盾,对绿洲城镇增长边界划定具有重要的参考价值。     

国土空间规划背景下市县生态保护重要性 评价实践探索——以武汉市江夏区为例

开展生态保护重要性评价，从空间上明确生态保 护的重要区域是生态保护政策落实的关键。“双评价”指南 中的生态保护重要性评价主要针对省级尺度，缺乏市县尺度 的修正和细化方法。以武汉市江夏区为例，探索了国土空间 规划背景下市县生态保护重要性评价方法：基于江夏区地域 特征，选择水土保持、水源涵养、生物多样性维护、水土流 失敏感性和内涝风险构建评价指标体系；从“物种”维度优 化生物多样性维护评价方法并利用InfoWorks ICM水动力 模型探索内涝风险评价方法；综合单项评价结果得到初判结 果；结合政策性生态保护线、自然保护地和重要自然要素修 正初判结果。结果表明：江夏区生态保护极重要、重要空 间面积分别为565和220km2 ，占区域总面积的34.2%和 13.3%。     

生态视域中的政府责任

生态保护是反映国家实力的重要指标,也是检验政府执行力的重要内容。造成生态问题难以得到有效控制的一个根本性原因便是政府生态责任的缺失。生态责任已成为政府责任体系中新的、高层次的、具有根本性意义的责任,实现经济社会全面发展的关键在于政府决策中的生态自觉。在打造责任政府的时代背景下,我国政府应在新一轮的行政管理体制改革中强化政府生态责任,建立健全生态问责制,使政府在决策中实现从过去的＂单一型＂经济发展模式转变为以生态准则为核心的＂复合型＂经济发展模式。     

草原生态补偿与可持续发展研究——以呼伦贝尔草原的实践为例

草原生态补偿是促进农牧民增收和草原地区经济发展的重要措施,该机制的建立,从制度上可以保证农牧民的生计,从行为上可以引导农牧民调整草原畜牧业生产方式,实现草原生态环境协调可持续发展。草原生态补偿应落实好草原承包制度,要充分考虑到合理载畜量,在补偿方面以草畜平衡、管护、燃料替代等方面为重点,逐步建立和完善草原生态补偿制度体系。草原生态补偿体系在完善过程中要重点抓好落实草原保护制度,加强后期保护工作力度;积极推行草畜平衡制度,严格控制载畜量,限制超载放牧,规范草地利用制度,保护草原天然植被;加大草原地区投资力度,保障草原地区生态经济可持续发展;建立健全草原监理机构,依法行政保护草原资源;强化牧民的草原环保意识及其文化教育和技能培训。     

绿洲系统"三生"承载力驱动机制与模式的理论探讨

以全新的视角解释了绿洲系统生态-生产-生活承载力的内涵，从生态、经济与社会效益的角度分别以水资源、投资作为驱动因子分析了绿洲系统“三生”承载力的驱动机制，阐明了人口在绿洲系统“三生”承载力驱动机制中的双重作用。水资源、投资与人口共同影响着绿洲系统“三生”承载力的模式类型与更替机理，绿洲系统“三生”承载力模式类型的科学界定，对合理开发绿洲系统具有重要现实意义。     

乡村旅游生态环境双重效应及其正确响应

乡村旅游与乡村自然生态环境既相互依存,又相互制约。自然生态环境是乡村旅游的重要引力源,也是乡村旅游可持续发展的重要基础,同时,乡村旅游发展对乡村自然生态环境具有双重效应。因此,发展乡村旅游必须正确处理好发展与保护两者的关系,坚持以乡村生态环境和资源保护为前提,通过全面提升人们的环境保护意识、加强政府环境管理调控、促进企业生态自律、增强环境技术供给,实现乡村旅游生态环境保护的正确响应和乡村旅游的可持续发展。     

最大持续产量原理在可持续发展实践中的应用

文章指出,实施可持续发展要以生态学原理为指导,其中较重要的就是最大持续产量原理。最大持续产量原理在农业、林业、渔业、有害生物防治、生物资源保护等方面有着广泛的应用。