Foreign Direct Investment into Open and Closed Cities

This article argues that the more open a city is to immigration, the more likely it is to welcome – and hence also receive – foreign direct investment (FDI). If immigration is allowed to complement the inflow of foreign capital, urban rent rises by more. This extra rise in rent aids in appeasing owners of capital specific to local traditional industries who else become worse off as FDI flows in. The article's model may help give a simple alternative explanation of why urban centers such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Dublin or many cities on China's Eastern coast have received so much more FDI per capita. These cities could draw on a nearby pool of extra labor that – by driving rents up and keeping wages down – may have been decisive in the political struggle over whether to let foreign direct investors in.     

我国FDI和OFDI技术溢出效应的实证检验

对国内外有关国际直接投资渠道的技术溢出的研究文献进行了梳理,测算了1994—2008年我国以外商直接投资和对外直接投资反映的外国R&D资本存量,并建立了R&D溢出回归模型,对其进行回归分析。研究结果显示:国内R&D资本和外商直接投资对我国全要素生产率的提升具有促进作用,且国内R&D资本的作用更大;对外直接投资对我国全要素生产率的提升有微弱的阻碍作用。因此,在政策层面上应继续加大国内R&D支出,加强外商直接投资,积极开展对外直接投资,以推动我国技术进步。     

Foreign Capital, Urban Unemployment, and Economic Growth

A three-sector endogenous growth model, is used to study the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the dynamics of urban unemployment, labour income, and capital income as well as national welfare in a Harris–Todaro economy. It is shown that more FDI can affect the economy's dynamics and national welfare positively or negatively. The paper derives conditions as to how the growth rate and welfare effects of FDI relate to the intersectoral mobility of capital, the destination of FDI, the elasticities of substitution, and the factor intensities of the final good production.     

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CHINA'S WTO ACCESSION ON INVESTMENT

Abstract.  After a boom in foreign direct investment (FDI) in China in the early 1990s, FDI slowed in the late 1990s. More recently, with China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) a reality, FDI has once again picked up. This paper explores the linkage between WTO accession and investment in China. We find that investment and capital stocks increase substantially. Moreover, foreign ownership of Chinese assets doubles by 2020. Central to this increase is the expected catch-up in the productivity of the services sectors driven by reforms. These estimates are far larger than those predicted by earlier studies, which ignored the reforms affecting Chinese services sectors, and abstracted from international capital mobility.     

Taxes,institutions and foreign diversification opportunities

Investors can access foreign diversification opportunities through either foreign portfolio investment (FPI) or foreign direct investment (FDI). The worldwide tax regime employed by the US potentially distorts this choice by penalizing FDI, relative to FPI, in low-tax countries. On the other hand, weak investor protections in foreign countries may increase the value of control, creating an incentive to use FDI rather than FPI. By combining data on US outbound FPI and FDI, this paper analyzes whether the composition of US outbound capital flows reflects these incentives to bypass home and host country institutional regimes. The results suggest that the residual tax on US multinational firms' foreign earnings skews the composition of outbound capital flows — a 10% decrease in a foreign country's corporate tax rate increases US investors' equity FPI holdings by approximately 10%, controlling for effects on FDI. Investor protections also seem to shape portfolio choices, though these results are not robust when only within-country variation is employed.     

THE IMPACT OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS ON AUSTRALIA'S INWARD FDI FLOWS

International trade and investment agreements are one of the primary instruments of global financial liberalisation. They are enacted to enhance the flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) between signatories by reducing regulatory barriers to investment; promoting stable host investment environments; and guaranteeing investors against non‐commercial risk. As a net capital importer, Australia has sought to attract FDI through participation in such accords since the early 1980s. This paper examines the determinants of Australia's inward FDI flows—focussing specifically on the effects of trade and investment agreements. Using panel data, we find that both bilateral trade and bilateral and multilateral investment agreements attract FDI flows into Australia, thereby indicating that the policy of enticing FDI through participation in these accords is quite possibly effective.     

Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in Spanish Manufacturing Firms

This paper examines the effect of participation by foreign capital and the spillovers from a foreign presence on the technical progress of Spanish manufacturing firms. The results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) creates positive spillover effects for local firms, and when the presence of foreign capital and the absorptive capacity of spillovers from FDI are large, more technical progress ensues. Also, local companies in capital‐ and research and development (R&D)‐intensive industries experience larger positive FDI spillovers. For these reasons, government policies should aim to attract FDI, especially in the aforementioned industries.     

外向型经济对郑州市经济增长影响的计量分析

文章基于外资、外贸的角度分析了外向型经济与郑州市经济增长的因果关系,并研究了外向型经济所产生经济效果的区域差异性。结果发现:出口贸易与经济增长之间存在双向因果关系,外商直接投资和经济增长之间存在单项因果关系;中心城区的外向型经济指数高于远郊区,工业发展程度高的区域外向型经济指数高于其他区域;外向型经济能够推动工业基础较完善区域的经济发展。     

Is Foreign Direct Investment “Gender Blind”? Women's Rights as a Determinant of US FDI

The impact of women's rights on a country's competitiveness in the global economy is a source of contention. While educational opportunities for women, as well as political empowerment, are linked to a variety of positive outcomes, the impact of economic rights is mixed. Toward better understanding these issues, we focus on the role of women's rights in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Though foreign capital plays a key role in the development strategies of many countries, and many of the growth areas in FDI rely heavily on women's labor, extant literature on the determinants of FDI largely ignores gender. To gain insight into these issues, we examine the impact of women's political, economic, and educational rights across four different types of US FDI into the developing world. We find a mixed relationship between women's rights and FDI that varies across industrial sectors.     

FDI对我国产业结构升级影响的实证研究--基于面板随机系数模型的分析

改革开放以来,我国实施“以市场换技术”的外资战略,吸引外资以期换来国外的先进技术,促进产业结构升级。时至今日,此举是否真正换来了技术与产业结构的升级,值得我们细分研究。本文选取1999—2009年我国实际利用外资金额和行业增加值数据,通过采用面板随机系数模型分析了FDI对三次产业中各个细分行业的影响,从而得出FDI对我国产业结构升级的影响。研究得出如下结论：FDI对第一产业（即农林牧渔业）增加值有影响,但不够显著;FDI对第二产业中的制造业增加值的影响显著;FDI对第三产业内绝大多数行业增加值的影响显著。进而表明FDI的流入能有效推动产业结构升级和优化。     

Foreign Debt,Foreign Direct Investment and Volatility

We investigate how foreign debt and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect the growth and welfare of a stochastically growing small open economy. First, we find that foreign debt influences the growth of domestic wealth by lowering the cost of capital, while FDI affects the country's welfare by providing an additional source of permanent income. Second, a decline in domestic investment may improve domestic welfare as FDI replaces the gap. Even when the welfare deteriorates, its magnitude is mitigated, leaving more room for discretionary fiscal policy. Third, a fiscal policy aimed to stabilize domestic output fluctuations needs to be conducted not to crowd out the welfare benefit of FDI too much. Fourth, an economy with both types of foreign capital experiences wider welfare swings by external volatility shocks than the one with foreign debt alone, while the welfare effects from domestic volatility shocks are mitigated. The welfare effects of fiscal shocks are much smaller with both types of foreign capital. Lastly, the first-best labor income tax covers the government absorption by the labor's share of total output, and the capital income tax covers the rest. Investment is penalized or subsidized depending on the social marginal cost-gain differential.     

外商在华直接投资动机与区位因素分析——对秦皇岛市外商直接投资的实证研究

外商直接投资区位是现代区位理论研究的前沿问题之一。本文采用问卷调查的方法 ,对秦皇岛市 1 3 5个外商投资企业来华投资的动机及其在秦皇岛市投资所考虑的区位因素进行了实证分析。根据因子分析 ,外商在华投资动机可以归纳为生产投入与市场动机、生产服务动机、文化联系和感情动机、利用优惠政策和降低投资风险动机、竞争动机以及出口动机 ,而影响外商在秦皇岛市投资的主要区位因素可归纳为城市经济文化环境因素、交易成本因素、生产投入供应因素、市场因素以及投入成本因素。同时 ,本文还采用方差分析和T检验 ,验证了各外商投资动机和区位因素的相对重要性是否因外资企业开业时间、投资规模、投资来源、投资产业、企业经济类型以及是否出口而存在差异。     

我国外商直接投资企业技术外溢效应的实证研究——基于合资、合作、独资模式的比较分析

考虑到外资准入模式对FDI技术外溢效应的影响,利用分段检验的方法从总量层面检验了我国FDI在三个不同发展阶段上技术外溢效应的大小从FDI结构层面检验并比较了三种外资准入模式下(中外合作、中外合资、外商独资)FDI技术外溢效应的大小.结果显示:不同的外资准入模式下,FDI的技术溢出效率存在差异,其中中外合资最大,其次是外商独资,最后是中外合作.我国当前外商“独资化”趋势不利于FDI技术溢出效应的发挥,外资政策应因势利导、趋利避害.     

The composition of foreign capital stocks in South Africa: The role of institutions,domestic risk and neighbourhood effects

Foreign capital inflows are an important source of funds to finance investment in developing economies. International finance literature is therefore concerned with how institutional factors like property rights and corruption affect foreign capital inflows. We investigate the determinants of the absolute volumes and composition of foreign capital stocks in South Africa, focusing on the role played by institutional quality (property rights), domestic default risk and neighbourhood effects as potential determinants. The empirical results show that secure property rights and low default risk in the host country positively affect the absolute volumes of both long-term foreign capital and short-term foreign capital, but tilt the composition in favour of long-term foreign capital. Empirical results also demonstrate the existence of neighbourhood effects where the institutional environment in Zimbabwe significantly impacts on South Africa's foreign capital inflows. In this regard, weak property rights in Zimbabwe lead to an increase in South Africa's foreign direct investment (FDI), but a reduction in South Africa's portfolio investment. This suggests that Zimbabwe and South Africa compete for foreign direct investment in similar sectors, and present two alternative investment destinations to foreign investors. By contrast, weak property rights in Zimbabwe appear to raise the perceived risk for portfolio investment in South Africa.     

Beyond natural resources: horizontal and vertical FDI diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article uses firm-level data to analyse the drivers of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the manufacturing and services sectors of 30 Sub-Saharan African countries. It shows that improving the investment climate helps to attract aggregate FDI. By analysing disaggregate FDI data, the article establishes that there is considerable contrast in behaviour between vertical FDI (foreign firms producing for export) and horizontal FDI (foreign firms producing for local markets). In particular, the latter firms are attracted to areas with higher trade regulations, highlighting their interest in protected markets. Furthermore, horizontal FDI is more affected by financing and human capital constraints and less affected by infrastructure and institutional constraints than vertical FDI is.     

Financing investment in environmentally sound technologies: Foreign direct investment versus foreign debt finance

This paper develops a screening model to examine the relationship between alternative sources of private capital and investment in environmentally sound technologies (ESTs). In the model, a polluter (agent) must secure investment funds from the international financial markets in order to upgrade its production and abatement technology. The requisite capital can be obtained via either market loans (debt finance) or foreign direct investment (FDI). Under debt finance, the foreign financier supplies only capital and the relationship between the two parties is more ‘arms-length’. By contrast, under FDI, the investor delivers both capital and managerial skills. We use the model to derive the implications of debt finance for optimal investment decisions and compare them to those obtained under FDI. Investment incentives are more pronounced under debt finance.     

中国吸引FDI区位因素实证分析

近年来,随着国际资本流动的愈加频繁迅速,流向中国的外商直接投资越来越多,而FDI在中国经济增长中发挥着发动机的作用。东道国吸引FDI流入的因素有很多,如资源优势、宽松稳定的社会环境等。采用中国1983-2006年的Panel Data数据,在计量方法上采用的是加入虚拟变量的普通最小二乘法并结合格兰杰因果检验,发现FDI累计投资额、市场规模及制度因素促进了FDI的流入,而人力资本、市场开放度对FDI的流入无积极影响。并给出相关的政策建议。     

International Reserves and the Composition of Foreign Equity Investment

This paper studies the effect of central banks' international reserve hoardings on the composition of foreign equity investment. Specifically, it examines whether reserves affect the share of foreign portfolio equity investment (PEI) in total foreign equity investment, which includes both PEI and foreign direct investment (FDI). Foreign investors' decisions regarding the location and the type of equity capital investment might be influenced by a country's level of international reserves. In a simple theoretical model, it is shown that higher reserves, thanks to their ability to lower exchange rate risk, reduce the risk premium of PEI. Hence, higher reserves are expected to increase the inflow of PEI relative to FDI. This hypothesis is tested for a sample of 76 developing countries during the period 1980–2010 using different estimation methods, model specifications and data samples. The results suggest that higher levels of reserves are associated with a larger share of PEI relative to FDI. This result points to a collateral benefit of reserves that has been neglected so far. Reserves may contribute to develop domestic financial markets and facilitate domestic firms' access to foreign portfolio equity financing. In addition, this paper finds a strong negative effect of the global financial crisis beginning in 2008 on the share of PEI, which confirms the hypothesis that PEI is more crisis‐dependent than FDI.     

FDI对我国电子信息产品制造业国际竞争力影响研究

基于FDI对我国电子信息产品制造业生产要素、需求状况、相关产业状况和竞争状况产生影响的理论分析,获得八个解释变量;选取显示性比较优势为被解释变量;利用1998至2008各年统计数据,实证分析FDI对我国电子信息产品制造业国际竞争力的影响。结果表明：内资研发投入、内资的产业集中度、外资资本投入、国内对电子信息产品制造业需求量、我国半导体硅单晶生产额、外资企业销售量占产业销售总量这六个变量显著影响我国该行业国际竞争力,内资资本密集度和外资人力资本强度没有通过显著性检验。     

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL ON MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN CENTRAL ASIA

This paper investigates the short‐run impact of shocks in international capital flows channeled through foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign aid on national output and export performance in five Central Asian economies under a dynamic multivariate structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) framework. The identification of structural shocks is implemented by AB model based on IS‐LM‐BP postulates. The main message is that external capital shocks are persistent and small open economies are weak to absorb them. Overall, the aid shocks reduce national outputs, while FDI increase it, on average. The expansion of global demand (G20) leads to an increase in domestic GDPs, notably in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The impact is augmented by a positive effect of FDI on export channel (and net exports) that shift the IS curve upwards. We cannot find any significant aid‐FDI nexus in the region, except in Kazakhstan. The structural variance decomposition (SFEVD) results suggest that external flows and foreign demand together explain the bigger part of variability in domestic GDP and exports. Finally, variations in foreign capital, aid and FDI, are mainly explained by series themselves. The role of domestic activities is found to be weaker for aid and greater for FDI. The results could be attributed to rigid exchange rates, high trade dependence, and necessity for foreign capital to explore natural resources in Central Asian region. Our results provide some valuable suggestions to improve an investment climate for boosting economic growth.