共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 34 毫秒
1.
Edward B. Barbier 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,46(4):511-537
We model how the “supply and demand” for bribes affects resource use by an economy, and the reinvestment of resource rents
in other assets. This requires adjusting the World Bank’s measure adjusted net savings for any rent dissipation due to corruption.
The impacts of corruption on long-run changes and periodic growth in the adjusted net savings rate are estimated across African
and Asian economies from 1970 to 2003. Corruption rather than resource dependency per se affects negatively the ability of
African countries to reinvest resource rents in the short term, but for Asian countries, corruption is less important than
point resources. Corruption influences long-run growth in adjusted net savings rates in all countries, and is also the “pathway”
through which this growth is affected by patterns of resource use, trade and abundance. 相似文献
2.
The most fundamental proposition about growth and competition is that there is a tradeoff between static welfare and long-term
growth. This paper reconsiders this basic proposition in an expanding variety endogenous growth model with competitive markets
for “old” innovative products and for a traditional good. We shed light on some implications of monopolistic distortions which
tend to be ignored by standard models. First, no growth may be better than some growth, since modest positive growth potentially
requires sizeable static welfare losses. Second, the economy may converge to a steady state with zero growth, even though
a locally saddle-point stable steady state with positive growth exists if the initial share of “cheap” competitive markets
is sufficiently high, as this implies a relatively low demand for “expensive” innovative goods. Third, such a “no-growth trap”
may happen in a world economy made up of several countries engaged in free trade with each other. The policy implications
are that growth-enhancing policies may be misguided and that quick deregulation as well as quick trade liberalization can
lead to stagnation in the long term.
相似文献
3.
Frédéric Lordon 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(1):1-21
The slow and endogenous twist of economic macro-structure makes up an important evolutionary feature of capitalist economies,
and may be at the root of structural crisis. In this line, a Goodwinian growth model with increasing returns and profit-sharing
that tries to picture a simple scenario of the seventies crisis is considered. It is shown that the exhaustion of the Kaldor-Verdoorn
“productivity law” can entail, in a nonlinear framework, a “catastrophic” bifurcation from a “high” to a “low” growth path.
Slow/fast dynamical systems then allow one to formalize a multiple time-scales dynamics where the growth path is shaped by
the structural framework in which it takes place, but has also a long -un feedback. Structural change and crisis appear as
long term and endogenous outcomes. 相似文献
4.
Dimitrios Xefteris 《Constitutional Political Economy》2011,22(3):221-237
Constitutions are multidimensional objects with non-trivial implications on the structure of the political environment and,
therefore, on the policy outcomes. This paper models constitutions as sets of “restraints” on the authority’s choice freedom
(absolute and democracy restraints). We argue that even if both kinds of restraints seem to be serving the same purpose (increase
social welfare), “democracy restraints” prolong the “life” of a constitution while “absolute restraints” not. We moreover
use the proposed way of modelling constitutions in order to explain the dominance of intermediate (in terms of tightness of
“democracy restraints”) constitutions in the real world. 相似文献
5.
Peter Egger 《Empirica》2010,37(1):5-17
Trade economists have for long considered gravity models to estimate unexhausted potentials for bilateral trade. Similar to
the discrepancy between “normal” and “actual” bilateral trade, one may ask the question about the difference between “normal”
and actual bilateral multinational activity. However, with multinational activity, zero bilateral data and heteroskedasticity
are very important, even more so than with trade data. Therefore, this paper suggests using generalized linear rather than
log-linear models to specify “normal” FDI and obtain estimates of unexhausted FDI potentials. I use panel data on Austria’s
bilateral multinational activity across 25 countries and 7 country-blocs, 4 sectors and 13 years to illustrate the disadvantage
of log-linear model estimation at quasi-maximum likelihood estimation. 相似文献
6.
Transforming a traditional agricultural economy into a modern economy is one of the main themes in economic development. Through
theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper finds out that the key to transformation is to raise the economic value of
people, to improve human capital investment and to match the stocks of physical and human capital. China’s rural economy is
on the edge of economic take-off, and different zones may pursue different paths for transformation. The source of rural poverty
is not the scarcity of income or consumption, but the deficiency of education, social security, medical care and economic
opportunity, which we define as “capability poverty”.
__________
Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经济), 2005,(2) (in Chinese) 相似文献
7.
Jean-Pierre Aubin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):95-124
Socio-economic networks, neural networks and genetic networks describe collective phenomena through constraints relating
actions of several actors, coalitions of these actors and multilinear connectionist operators acting on the set of actions
of each coalition. We provide a class of control systems governing the evolution of actions, coalitions and multilinear connectionist
operators under which the architecture of the network remains viable. The controls are the “viability multipliers” of the
“resource space” in which the constraints are defined. They are involved as “tensor products” of the actions of the coalitions
and the viability multiplier, allowing us to encapsulate in this dynamical and multilinear framework the concept of Hebbian
learning rules in neural networks in the form of “multi-Hebbian” dynamics in the evolution of connectionist operators. They
are also involved in the evolution of coalitions through the “cost” of the constraints under the viability multiplier regarded
as a price. 相似文献
8.
Using the reputation model of Kreps (1982), Vickers (1986) and Barro(1986), we develop a dynamic game model with incomplete
information to examine the relations between the managers of state-owned enterprises(SOEs) in China and the government as
the enterprise’s owner. Employing the model, we show that even a noncoopertive manager will not intrude the owner’s interests
until the last period of his term in order to maximize his long term utility. The paper also discusses some phenomenona in
state-owned enterprises in China, such as “insiders’ control”, “59 phenomenon” and excess on-the-job consumption.
相似文献
9.
Michael C. Munger 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2009,22(2):169-175
The use of the “principal–agent” model makes an implicit assumption about the existence of an underlying global optimum or
“general will.” This assumption is debatable, and Besley does not defend it sufficiently or even seem to realize how strong
an assumption it is. Still, it is standard in the literature, and Besley’s book is a very strong contribution to that literature.
Its two greatest strengths are its solid microfoundations, and its use of the classical “comparative statics” approach to
analyze dynamics.
相似文献
10.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
11.
12.
John Marangos 《Forum for Social Economics》2011,40(1):119-137
The “transition” process in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EEFSU) was one of the most dramatic non-marginal adjustments
in economic systems ever experienced. During the transition process, elements of centrally administered socialism and embryonic
market relations co-existed. This made traditional economic theory irrelevant. The purpose of this paper is to discover policy
concerns and outcomes that orthodox “transition” literature ignores. Stanfield’s contribution to the economic literature,
a cultural-holistic approach of radical institutionalism, makes it possible to understand the “transition” process from a
new and more enlightened perspective. Stanfield provides a better understanding of the complexities involved, since the nature
of change in the EEFSU is social and ever-lasting, not an end-state in the form of “transition”. Students of transition and
of international development would benefit from this novel approach, which dismisses “transition” and substitutes “social
change”, as the proper designation and manifestation of what actually took place in EEFSU. 相似文献
13.
Maria-Soledad Castaño 《International Advances in Economic Research》2007,13(2):139-145
The main goal of this paper is to analyse the relationship between social capital and economic growth taking into account
the role of fiscal policy from theoretical and empirical points of view. To achieve this goal, “Human Capital and Public Capital
Effects on Economic Growth” is focused on the effects of two traditional factors: human capital and public capital effects
on economic growth. “Social Capital Effects on Economic Growth” considers qualitative variables introducing some socioeconomic
effects on economic growth process analysis. In this case, social capital the main variable will be considered. “Empirical
Analysis,” an empirical analysis is developed considering the case of European countries prior to the EU enlargement. Finally,
in Conclusions,” the main conclusions will be resumed.
相似文献
14.
Ferdinando Meacci 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2009,22(4):333-348
The Austrian notion of stages of production and the related principle of the greater productivity of roundabout methods, plus
the neo-Austrian notions of vertical integration and vertical division of labour, are utilized in this paper in an attempt
to reconstruct Smith’s convoluted arguments on the different employment of capitals in chapter 5, book 2, of the Wealth of Nations. Smith’s arguments are first clarified in the light of the two concepts of capital (money capital and productive capital),
of the two aspects of productive labour (living labour and dead labour) and of the two viewpoints (of an individual and of
society) on which Smith’s theory is based. The results of this clarification are then used to prove that, independently of
Smith’s own words but in consistency with his theory, the notions of “quantity” and “productivity” of productive labour have
a “vertical”, as well as a “horizontal”, dimension so that they fit both the input–output scheme and the Austrian framework
of time-consuming methods of production. 相似文献
15.
Emerging from the Hobbesian jungle: Might takes and makes rights 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bruce L. Benson 《Constitutional Political Economy》1994,5(2):129-158
The conflict over scarce resources in the Hobbesian jungle may be avoided if rules of obligation delineating property rights
develop along with institutions of governance. One possibility is a “duress contract” as the strongest individual threatens
others who agree to enslavement. Thus, “might takes rights.” Alternatively, individuals with similar capacities for violence
may enter a “consent contract” establishing rules of obligation and then voluntarily participating in governance. They will
not agree to a rights assignment that produces less wealth than they expect through violence, however, so “might makes rights.”
A might-takes-and-makes-rights analysis is outlined to explain the continuum of legal institutions and property rights allocations
that can evolve between these two extremes of duress and consent. Increasingly finely delineated private property rights tend
to evolve under institutions produced by consent contracts, while common pool problems tend to arise near the duress contract
end of the spectrum.
This paper draws from a larger project on “The Evolution of Law” which has been supported by the Earhart Foundation. Discussions
with and comments by Randy Holcombe, Kevin Reffit, and two anonymous referees led to significant improvements in the development
and presentation of the arguments, as did discussant comments on a related paper made by Douglas Ginsburg and participants
in the Friedrich August von Hayek Symposium on “Competition Among Institutions” in Freiburg, Germany, June 1–4, 1994, sponsored
by the International Institute at George Mason University and the Walter Eucken Institute, Freiburg. 相似文献
16.
Stability of risk preference parameter estimates within the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak procedure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Duncan James 《Experimental Economics》2007,10(2):123-141
This paper reports new data from both selling and buying versions of the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) procedure. First, when
using the selling version of BDM, the cross-sectional mean of CRRA risk preference parameter estimates shifts from a value
consistent with “as if” risk-seeking behavior in the early baseline to a value closer to “as if” risk neutrality in the late
baseline. Second, when using the buying version of BDM, the cross-sectional mean of CRRA risk preference parameter estimates
does not appear to change over time in a statistically significant manner. The cross-sectional mean from the late baseline
of the buying version of BDM is closer to “as if” risk neutrality and to the late baseline estimates from the selling version
of BDM than it is to either early baseline estimates from the selling version of BDM or typical estimates from the first price
auction. Use of dominated offers is correlated with deviations from “as if” risk neutrality; this suggests the possibility
that the early deviations from “as if” risk neutrality reflect errors.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .
JEL Classification D80 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a method to make measurable what was not: the discourses of politicians regarding decentralization. For
this purpose, we develop a “matrix of arguments” and a set of indexes, and apply them to provide a snapshot of the politicians’
views on the “General Law of Budgetary Stability”, a landmark for the process of decentralization in Spain. 相似文献
18.
The service industry in China is underdeveloped, in comparison with not only the past experience of developed countries at
the similar level of GDP per capita, but also other similar developing countries at present. We define this deviation of China’s
service industry from the development trend in other countries as the “development deviation puzzle,” and propose a conceptual
framework based on the “manufacturing cost disease” hypothesis to understand the reasons behind this puzzle. We test our hypothesis
using the data from the urban cluster in Yangtze River Delta. The results indicate that labor productivity growth in service
industry is driven by capital investment and the “development deviation puzzle” is indeed rooted in the “manufacturing cost
disease.” Our analysis suggests that, to correct the underdevelopment of service industry, the strategy of investment-driven
industrialization and urbanization must be changed. Expansion of producer services is important in increasing the intensities
of human capital and foreign investment. 相似文献
19.
Patrick J. Welch 《Forum for Social Economics》2000,29(2):61-74
Thomas Carlyle’s criticism of economics goes far beyond his epithet, “Dismal Science.” One aspect of economics that attracted
his attention was its use of numbers in both theories and empiricisms. Here is explored his attacks on economist’s use of
arithmetic in explaining human behavior, and statistics in addressing the condition of the working class. 相似文献
20.
Joseph T. Salerno 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(1):1-16
Carl Menger pioneered a unique theoretical research method which served as the foundation of the early Austrian school of
economics. Menger’s causal-realist analysis was revived and formalized just before and after World War 2 by Ludwig von Mises
as the “praxeological method.” Murray Rothbard, a student of von Mises’, utilized the method in formulating a comprehensive
system of economic theory in his treatise, Man Economy, and State published in the early 1960s. Rothbard’s treatise became the foundational work for the “Austrian revival” in the 1970s. In
this paper, we address several issues related to the role of Menger’s method in modern economics. First, ample evidence is
adduced that von Mises and Rothbard each expressed a surprising ambivalence with respect to his own work in relation to the
early Austrian school. Second, von Mises viewed Rothbard’s treatise as beginning a new epoch in economic theory. Third, contrary
to the conventional view, a careful analysis of his treatise shows that Rothbard drew heavily on the contemporary neoclassical
literature in developing his theoretical system and that his intent was never to set up a heterodox movement to challenge
mainstream economics. Rather, his main aim was to consistently apply the praxeological method to rescue economics from what
he considered the alien methodology of positivism, which was imported into economics after World War 2. Lastly, I will tentatively
suggest that the term “Austrian economics” as the designation for the intellectual movement that coalesced in the early 1970s
may now have outlived its usefulness. This term, which initially served an important strategic purpose in promoting the revival
of the broad Mengerian tradition, may have come to obscure the meaning and importance of the praxeological research paradigm
that Menger originated. 相似文献