论FDI对我国劳动力市场绩效的影响

FDI通过直接和间接的方式对东道国的劳动力市场产生影响,其净效应非常复杂,既与FDI的进入方式有关,也与东道国劳动力市场的发育程度、劳动力质量等因素有关。尽管FDI对我国就业的总体贡献并不突出,但从动态的角度来看,FDI的就业效应比较明显,其贡献呈现不断增加的趋势。FDI在增加国内就业的同时,还促进了我国劳动力市场的建立和发展,对促进我国劳动力资源的流动与市场化配置、提高我国人力资源素质和薪资水平起到了积极作用。但是,依赖跨国公司培养我国的企业家是不现实的,国内民营企业的发展才是我国企业家培养的主要途径。     

对当前新疆农村劳动力就业状况的分析与思考

现阶段新疆劳动力资源处于相对短缺和绝对剩余并存的状态，尤其是农村劳动力大量剩余，而就业不足和隐性失业又非常严重。其原因一是经济增长带动就业能力减弱，尤其是第二产业资本增密导致排斥劳动力就业的趋向显；二是劳动力资源增长相对较快；三是具有某些特征的劳动群体退出劳动力市场。     

浅析当代大学生就业难影响因素及解决对策——基于经济学的分析视角

当代大学生面临的就业形势严峻,是社会热点问题之一.本文从高校大学生规模、就业的地域结构、就业的行业结构和就业不公平等简要说明了大学生目前的就业概况,从经济学的劳动力供需视角来具体总结了大学生就业难的关键性影响因素——人口因素、经济因素和制度因素,并从劳动力供需的三大角度提出了对策建议.     

中国劳动力市场现状分析

最近中国劳动力市场出现诸如"大学生就业难","民工荒","公务员热"等就业问题,这些问题有中国经济的结构性原因,也有社会原因,本文从劳动者选择的生命周期理论角度,从劳动力的供给方面出发,分析了现今中国劳动力市场的现状,并从劳动者在其整个生命周期中的选择入手,提出了解决就业问题的政策建议。     

中国农村劳动力流动的经济学分析——基于完善劳动力市场的视角

基于农村过剩劳动力长期存在的现实,从经济学角度须考虑供求两方面因素:一方面从劳动力需求来看千方百计开辟更多新岗位,解决农村剩余劳动力流向问题;另一方面,从供给来看,加强农民工的人力资源积累,使之匹配就业岗位。农村劳动力供求离不开完善的劳动力市场,且长期来看,劳动力供求必须由劳动力市场调节。文章从构建完善的劳动力市场角度探讨突破劳动力流动的制约因素,顺畅农村劳动力流动渠道,缩小城乡收入差距。     

劳动力流动与就业增长的路径研究

中国是人口大国,劳动力资源丰富,每年新增劳动力、农村剩余劳动力以及下岗失业人员,要求经济持续快速地增长创造更多的就业岗位。但是每年因产出增加而创造的工作机会与每年所需安置的劳动力数量相比相差甚远。我国劳动力的流动还很不充分,带有很大的盲目性,劳动力流动与解决就业问题并不匹配。扩大就业,缓解就业压力成为当前经济生活中的热点和难点问题。     

经济增长与扩大劳动力就业的相关问题分析

缓解劳动力就业压力是我国当前和今后一段时期面临的重大问题,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的重大课题.随着我国经济的高速增长,我国在解决劳动力就业方面取得了举世瞩目的成就,但庞大的劳动力失业数量仍居高不下.本文从经济增长与劳动力就业的基本关系出发,在分析影响我国就业弹性深层次原因的基础上,提出了协调经济增长与扩大劳动力就业之间关系的政策建议.     

劳动力供给与就业能力——基于就业问题的分析

随着信息社会的发展、经济结构的调整变化,稳定的职业生涯似乎已难以实现。持久性就业能力更能适应并满足社会的需要,因而就业能力的培养理应成为就业管理的重点。聚焦个人职业生涯的规划与发展、劳动力市场的潜力、组织职业技能培养以及政府和社会责任等方面,从劳动力供给角度研究劳动者如何提升就业能力的问题,为实现社会的和谐发展寻求有效促进就业、再就业的对策,具有重要的现实意义。     

劳动力流动对中国地区经济增长的影响研究

劳动力的自由流动是资源有效配置、生产率和经济增长的根本保证,在就业保障体系缺失情况下劳动力流动有可能导致就业安全感下降、抑制生产率和经济增长。本文运用2000-2006年中国31个省、市、自治区的数据,估计地区劳动力流动规模,构造相关指标,实证检验劳动力流动对地区经济增长的综合影响。研究显示,劳动力流动对下一期地区经济增长具有正向影响,而对本期经济增长有负向影响,就业保障和劳动力市场紧张度的影响不显著。为此,应在确立适度社会保障体系的前提下促进劳动力全面自由流动,以促进地区经济的可持续发展和社会和谐。     

农业产业化建设对促进农村劳动力转移就业的影响

为掌握农业产业化建设对农村劳动力吸纳情况,找出农村劳动力转移就业中存在的制约因素,研究进一步深化农业结构调整、促进农村富裕劳动力转移就业的对策措施,笔者从无棣县农业产业化建设角度入手,对农村富裕劳动力转移的带动和影响方面进行了专题调研。     

Labour quality in Taiwan: measurement and contribution to economic growth

This article compiles labour input indices that capture both employment changes and quality improvement of labour in Taiwan, from 1994 to 2011. Up to 77.19% of average annual labour input growth is from quality improvement. Further decomposition reveals that the most important source of growth is educational attainment, followed by age structure. Moreover, we find that Taiwan’s average annual GDP growth rate does not result from capital investment but from the contribution of a stable labour input to economic growth. Taiwan is a newly industrialized country, but because of the diminishing returns to capital, the catch-up effect has been slower than hoped. Additional capital investment has a relatively small effect on productivity, and the main source of the continuous economic growth rate is from labour quality, especially from highly skilled human capital. Making good use of these human resources creates a stable source of sustained economic growth.     

Labour Tax Reform, the Good Jobs and the Bad Jobs

We analyse recent proposals to shift the tax burden away from low‐paid labour, assuming a dual labour market where the “good” high‐paying jobs are rationed. A shift in the tax burden from low‐paid to high‐paid workers has an ambiguous effect on the level of aggregate employment while the allocation of aggregate employment is further distorted. Even if the tax reform raises total employment, economic efficiency may be reduced because labour is reallocated from high‐productive to low‐productive jobs. We also find that opportunities for on‐the‐job search have important implications for the policy effects.     

促进河北农村富余劳动力就业的对策研究

农村大量富余劳动力的存在是“三农”问题中的棘手问题,发展特色产业集群是解决问题的最可行的途径。为了促进农村富余劳动力就业,河北应发展劳动密集型产业集群、发展低成本型特色产业集群、发展民营集群企业。应加强农村富余劳动力就业培训,依靠拉长产业链条增加就业机会。     

New forms of labour contract and labour flexibility in Russia

This paper assesses the claims that employment in the new Russian private sector relies heavily on informal and unregistered labour agreements and that the violation of existing labour law by new private employers is driven by their need for more flexible working arrangements.
The paper shows that these claims are unsupported on every count. The new private sector does not rely heavily on informal or illegal forms of employment and there is no evidence that it uses labour more flexibly, in any of the usual senses of the term, than the traditional sectors of the economy. The conclusion is that there is no economic justification for the systematic violation of the existing labour legislation. It is suggested, therefore, that enforcement of the existing law is a precondition for its effective reform in those areas in which it might be a barrier to restructuring.     

Labour mobility during transitionEvidence from Georgia1

This article deals with labour mobility in Georgia during economic transition. We use quarterly 1998–99 panel data to examine mobility across six labour market statuses (inactivity, unemployment, formal wage employment, informal wage employment, self‐employment and farming). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of labour market segmentation. Formal employment is preferred to informal employment. Unemployment is largely a queuing device for individuals with higher education waiting for formal jobs. Some self‐employment is subsistence activities and consistent with a segmented labour market, while other is high risk and potentially high return activities. Age, gender and education are significant determinants of labour mobility. Finally, informal employment serves as a buffer in times of recession – with farming and informal wage employment absorbing labour shed by other statuses during the Russian financial crisis.     

黑龙江省农民转移就业问题与对策分析

黑龙江不仅是农业大省也是劳动力大省。农民问题一直是“三农”问题的核心,而解决这一问题的关键在于如何处理农民就业问题。这是关系到千万黑龙江省农民生存发展的核心所在。解决了农民就业问题,农民的生活和收入就有了保障,社会就更加稳定。因此,如何有效地推进农民就业转移,对黑龙江省经济社会发展十分重要。     

Fixed-term contracts as a source of labour demand fluctuations

Employment fluctuations are one of the central issues in the business cycle literature. The fluctuations depend crucially not only on the economic conditions but also on the labour market institutions. Since most previous studies have assumed indefinite-term contracts (ITC) implicitly, the implications of fixed-term contracts (FTC) on dynamic labour demand have been rather overlooked. This article investigates dynamic labour demand of a firm with FTC to show that the employment fluctuations under FTC can be totally different from those under ITC. In particular, a productivity shock that takes place at a future date generates the current fluctuations in employment under FTC, while it does not under ITC.     

The evolution of female labour force participation in urban China

Starting from the late 1980s, despite rapid economic growth, female labour force participation in urban China has shown a general declining trend. Using repeated cross‐sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIP), this paper attempts to systematically relate the decrease in the labour force participation of married women to the socio‐economic changes happening in urban China during the same period of time. Adopting both linear and nonlinear decomposition techniques, the results indicate that the changes in married women's labour force participation during the periods 1995–2002 and 2007–2013 can be explained by the concurrent changes in the distribution of socio‐economic variables, while the changes during the periods 1988–1995 and 2002–2007 are mostly driven by the leftward shift of married women's participation function.     

The role of the wage-productivity gap in economic activity

This paper argues that wages lagging behind productivity is a long-run structural phenomenon due to the interplay of wage dynamics and productivity growth. We call this interplay frictional growth, a term that can only be nullified in the utopian case of zero growth and/or no dynamics. In that vein, we challenge the prevailing view of the neutrality of the labour income share and investigate its impact on the evolution of employment. We thus estimate wage setting and labour demand equation systems – for France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the UK, and the US over the 1960–2008 period – and find that the labour share is negatively associated with employment even when the conventional assumption of a unitary long-run elasticity of wages with respect to productivity holds. Acknowledging the presence of the wage-productivity gap in both the short and long run, this work stands as the building block for assessing the effect of the falling labour share on economic activity. As recent work has shown that the widening wage gap is also an important factor prompting inequality, it can be argued that by supporting employment the falling labour share ‘sweetens’ the impact of rising income inequality, and, as such, deserves the attention of policy makers.     

我国县域农户家庭劳动力利用的实证分析——以山东省梁山县为例

本文对我国县域农户家庭劳动力利用的情况进行了分析,并对劳动力利用的影响因素进行了模型估计。研究结果表明:当前我国农村还存在20%～30%的富余劳动力需要转移;农户在进行家庭内部分工时基于家庭效益最大化考虑;农户家庭收入来源和镇域经济发展对县域农户家庭劳动力利用有显著影响,不同的家庭劳动力特征对农户家庭就业决策的影响存在一定差异,政策性补贴对农户家庭就业决策的影响不大。在此基础上,本文提出若干政策建议。